{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:26:28Z","timestamp":1792736788226,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for novel therapeutic interventions for viral disease is a challenging pursuit, hallmarked by the paucity of antiviral agents currently prescribed. Targeting of viral proteins has the inextricable challenge of rise of resistance. Safe and effective vaccines are not possible for many viral pathogens. New approaches are required to address the unmet medical need in this area. We undertook a cell-based high-throughput screen to identify leads for development of drugs to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a serious pediatric pathogen. We identified compounds that are potent (nanomolar) inhibitors of RSV in vitro in HEp-2 cells and in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and were shown to act postentry. Interestingly, two scaffolds exhibited broad-spectrum activity among multiple RNA viruses. Using the chemical matter as a probe, we identified the targets and identified a common cellular pathway: the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Both targets were validated in vitro and showed no significant cell cytotoxicity except for activity against proliferative B- and T-type lymphoid cells. Corollary to this finding was to understand the consequences of inhibition of the target to the host. An in vivo assessment for antiviral efficacy failed to demonstrate reduced viral load, but revealed microscopic changes and a trend toward reduced pyrimidine pools and findings in histopathology. We present here a discovery program that includes screen, target identification, validation, and druggability that can be broadly applied to identify and interrogate other host factors for antiviral effect starting from chemical matter of unknown target\/mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017142108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,19]],"date-time":"2011-04-19T00:19:39Z","timestamp":1303172379000},"page":"6739-6744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Identification of broad-spectrum antiviral compounds and assessment of the druggability of their target for efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Bonavia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Franti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Pusateri Keaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelli","family":"Kuhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohindra","family":"Seepersaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branko","family":"Radetich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janetta","family":"Dewhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Balabanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Lanieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Hoffmaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakal","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Markovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Broome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Skuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Cornella-Taracido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Joberty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tewis","family":"Bouwmeester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Tallarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Tommasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Compton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon M.","family":"Bushell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"287","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus activity\u2014United States, 1999\u20132000 season","volume":"285","year":"2001","unstructured":", Respiratory syncytial virus activity\u2014United States, 1999\u20132000 season. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 285, 287\u2013288 (2001).","journal-title":"JAMA J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.15.1440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69077-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000053882.70365.c9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.2.495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.9131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm100574m"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(03)02902-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"WO\/2005\/028669KLA Van Acker et al. Time-of-addition assay for identifying anti-viral compounds.  (World Intellectual Property Organization . (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.7.777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M800029-MCP200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(00)00077-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)39968-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0506975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1993.tb00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367702320389026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.09.113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/470042a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.49.070180.001345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5434.547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o98-095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(00)00139-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.50.29682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.8.2473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.10.1535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000149338.97084.5F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200101150-00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029600700102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000181149.76113.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2006.00170.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043382495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","first-page":"2938","article-title":"Serum uridine levels in patients receiving N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate","volume":"40","author":"Karle JM","year":"1980","unstructured":"JM Karle, LW Anderson, C Erlichman, RL Cysyk, Serum uridine levels in patients receiving N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. Cancer Res 40, 2938\u20132940 (1980).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90029-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R400007200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"205","article-title":"A77-1726, leflunomide's active metabolite, inhibits in vivo lymphoproliferation in the popliteal lymph node assay","volume":"14","author":"Schorlemmer HU","year":"1998","unstructured":"HU Schorlemmer, R Kurrle, R Schleyerbach, A77-1726, leflunomide's active metabolite, inhibits in vivo lymphoproliferation in the popliteal lymph node assay. Int J Immunother 14, 205\u2013211 (1998).","journal-title":"Int J Immunother"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2000.36.6.584259"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00218.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0142OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2448-2454.2004"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1017142108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T20:10:29Z","timestamp":1649794229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1017142108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1017142108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1017142108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-04-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}