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This issue can now be addressed via a differentiation protocol that allows melanocytes to be obtained from pluripotent stem cell lines, either induced or of embryonic origin, based on the use of moderate concentrations of a single cytokine, bone morphogenic protein 4. Human melanocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells exhibit all the characteristic features of their adult counterparts. This includes the enzymatic machinery required for the production and functional delivery of melanin to keratinocytes. Melanocytes also integrate appropriately into organotypic epidermis reconstructed in vitro. The availability of human cells committed to the melanocytic lineage in vitro will enable the investigation of those mechanisms that guide the developmental processes and will facilitate analysis of the molecular mechanisms responsible for genetic diseases. Access to an unlimited resource may also prove a vital tool for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorders when donors with matching haplotypes become available in clinically relevant banks of pluripotent stem cell lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019070108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,19]],"date-time":"2011-08-19T22:47:12Z","timestamp":1313794032000},"page":"14861-14866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Functional melanocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells engraft into pluristratified epidermis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Xavier","family":"Nissan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etude des Cellules Souches, I-Stem, Association Fran\u00e7aise Contre les Myopathies, 91030 Evry cedex, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Larribere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etude des Cellules Souches, I-Stem, Association Fran\u00e7aise Contre les Myopathies, 91030 Evry cedex, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoubia","family":"Saidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etude des Cellules Souches, I-Stem, Association Fran\u00e7aise Contre les Myopathies, 91030 Evry cedex, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Hurbain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 144 Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France;"},{"name":"Structure and Membrane Compartments and"},{"name":"Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Delevoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 144 Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France;"},{"name":"Structure and Membrane Compartments and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Feteira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale U-861, I-Stem, Association Fran\u00e7aise Contre les Myopathies, 91030 Evry cedex, France; 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