{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:16:13Z","timestamp":1790507773053,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States and the most frequent extracolonic tumor in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). HNPCC patients have inherited defects in DNA mismatch repair and the microsatellite instability (MSI) tumor phenotype. Sporadic endometrial cancers also exhibit MSI, usually associated with methylation of the MLH1 promoter. Germ-line MSH6 mutations, which are rare in HNPCC, have been reported in several families with multiple members affected with endometrial carcinoma. We reasoned that MSH6 mutation might account for loss of mismatch repair in MSI-positive endometrial cancers in which the cause of MSI is unknown. We therefore investigated MSI and MLH1 promoter methylation in 441 endometrial cancer patients unselected for age or personal and family history of cancers. MSI and MLH1 promoter methylation status were associated with age of onset and tumor histology. One hundred cases (23% of the entire series) were evaluated for MSH6 defects. Inactivating germ-line MSH6 mutations were identified in seven women with MSI-positive, MLH1 promoter unmethylated cancers. Most of the MSI in these cases was seen with mononucleotide repeat markers. The MSH6 mutation carriers were significantly younger than the rest of the population (mean age 54.8 versus 64.6,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.04). Somatic mutations were seen in 17 tumors, all of which had MSI. Our data suggest that inherited defects in MSH6 in women with endometrial cancer are relatively common. The minimum estimate of the prevalence of inherited MSH6 mutation in endometrial cancer is 1.6% (7 of 441), comparable with the predicted prevalence for patients with colorectal cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1030231100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,13]],"date-time":"2003-05-13T14:28:41Z","timestamp":1052836121000},"page":"5908-5913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Prevalence of defective DNA mismatch repair and MSH6 mutation in an unselected series of endometrial cancers"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Goodfellow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Buttin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet S.","family":"Rader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall K.","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Swisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Look","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken C.","family":"Walls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Mutch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8064, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion Room..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/13773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.38.5.318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/337944"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1197-271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"5068","volume":"59","author":"Kolodner R D","year":"1999","unstructured":"R D Kolodner, J D Tytell, J L Schmeits, M F Kane, R D Gupta, J Weger, S Wahlberg, E A Fox, D Peel, A Ziogas, et al. Cancer Res 59, 5068\u20135074 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"1922","volume":"55","author":"Peiffer S L","year":"1995","unstructured":"S L Peiffer, T J Herzog, D J Tribune, D G Mutch, D J Gersell, P J Goodfellow Cancer Res 55, 1922\u20131926 (1995).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2264(199703)18:3<219::AID-GCC8>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"5248","volume":"58","author":"Boland C R","year":"1998","unstructured":"C R Boland, S N Thibodeau, S R Hamilton, D Sidransky, J R Eshleman, R W Burt, S J Meltzer, M A Rodriguez-Bigas, R Fodde, G N Ranzani, S Srivastava Cancer Res 58, 5248\u20135257 (1998).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"365","volume":"132","author":"Rozen S","year":"2000","unstructured":"S Rozen, H Skaletsky Methods Mol Biol 132, 365\u2013386 (2000).","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"848","volume":"62","author":"Charbonnier F","year":"2002","unstructured":"F Charbonnier, S Olschwang, Q Wang, C Boisson, C Martin, M P Buisine, A Puisieux, T Frebourg Cancer Res 62, 848\u2013853 (2002).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.1194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.12.2532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.1211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"138","volume":"8","author":"Stefansson I","year":"2002","unstructured":"I Stefansson, L A Akslen, N MacDonald, A Ryan, S Das, I J Jacobs, H B Salvesen Clin Cancer Res 8, 138\u2013143 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7604264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.4.661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65492-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"678","volume":"36","author":"Verma L","year":"1999","unstructured":"L Verma, M F Kane, C Brassett, J Schmeits, D G Evans, R D Kolodner, E R Maher J Med Genet 36, 678\u2013682 (1999).","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390000417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"3920","volume":"57","author":"Akiyama Y","year":"1997","unstructured":"Y Akiyama, H Sato, T Yamada, H Nagasaki, A Tsuchiya, R Abe, Y Yuasa Cancer Res 57, 3920\u20133923 (1997).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000301)85:5<606::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"1619","volume":"61","author":"Huang J","year":"2001","unstructured":"J Huang, S A Kuismanen, T Liu, R B Chadwick, C K Johnson, M W Stevens, S K Richards, J E Meek, X Gao, F A Wright, et al. Cancer Res 61, 1619\u20131623 (2001).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90258-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"462","volume":"59","author":"Gurin C C","year":"1999","unstructured":"C C Gurin, M G Federici, L Kang, J Boyd Cancer Res 59, 462\u2013466 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61144-3"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1030231100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:18:04Z","timestamp":1650921484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1030231100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1030231100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1030231100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-01-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-05-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}