{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:08:59Z","timestamp":1791443339047,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the transmission ability of newly emerging influenza viruses is central to the development of public health preparedness and prevention strategies. Animals are used to model influenza virus infection and transmission, but the routinely used intranasal inoculation of a liquid virus suspension does not reflect natural infection. We report the development of an inoculation method that delivers an influenza virus aerosol inoculum to ferrets and the characterization of size distribution and viable virus present in aerosols shed from infected ferrets during normal breathing and sneezing. By comparing virus deposition, infectivity, virulence, and transmissibility among animals inoculated intranasally or by aerosols with a human (H3N2) or avian (H5N1) influenza virus, we demonstrate that aerosol inoculations more closely resemble a natural, airborne influenza virus infection and that viable virus is measurable in droplets and droplet nuclei exhaled by infected ferrets. These methods will provide improved risk assessment of emerging influenza viruses that pose a threat to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100768108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,2]],"date-time":"2011-05-02T21:59:44Z","timestamp":1304373584000},"page":"8432-8437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Influenza virus aerosol exposure and analytical system for ferrets"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Kortney M.","family":"Gustin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Belser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra A.","family":"Wadford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa B.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrence M.","family":"Tumpey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taronna R.","family":"Maines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Textbook of Influenza","author":"Potter WP","year":"1998","unstructured":"WP Potter, Chronicle of influenza pandemics. Textbook of Influenza, eds KG Nicholson, RG Webster, AJ Hay (Blackwell Science, Oxford), pp. 3\u201318 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881000141X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810001445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1951129a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604157103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605134103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4420-4429.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.11788-11800.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.4.2191-2198.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177238"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00534-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1997.10.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668791385868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Respiratory Deposition. Aerosol Technology Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles","author":"Hinds WC","year":"1999","unstructured":"WC Hinds Respiratory Deposition. Aerosol Technology Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles (John Wiley & Sons, New York), pp. 233\u2013259 (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.118.2.257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408159101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01134-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories","author":"Chosewood LC","year":"2009","unstructured":"LC Chosewood, DE Wilson Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, Available at http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/biosafety\/publications\/bmbl5\/BMBL.pdf. Accessed January 2011. (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"; US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service http:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/programs\/ag_selectagent\/. Accessed January 2011. (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"; National Select Agent Registry http:\/\/www.selectagents.gov\/. Accessed January 2011. (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method for estimating 50 percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed LJ","year":"1938","unstructured":"LJ Reed, H Muench, A simple method for estimating 50 percent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27, 493\u2013497 (1938).","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02231-10"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1100768108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T20:27:01Z","timestamp":1649795221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1100768108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1100768108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1100768108","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.11443957.12469055","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-05-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}