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The geometrical analysis of exceptional three-dimensionally preserved clusters of oro-pharyngeal elements of the Early Triassic\n                    <jats:italic>Novispathodus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , imaged using propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography, suggests the presence of a pulley-shaped lingual cartilage similar to that of extant cyclostomes within the feeding apparatus of euconodonts (\u201ctrue\u201d conodonts). This would lend strong support to their interpretation as vertebrates and demonstrates that the presence of such cartilage is a plesiomorphic condition of crown vertebrates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101754108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T02:10:02Z","timestamp":1304993402000},"page":"8720-8724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Synchrotron-aided reconstruction of the conodont feeding apparatus and implications for the mouth of the first vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Goudemand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Orchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5J3; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Urdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Bucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Tafforeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Major Transitions in Vertebrate Evolution","author":"Janvier P","year":"2007","unstructured":"P Janvier Major Transitions in Vertebrate Evolution, eds JS Anderson, H-D Sues (Indiana University Press, Bloomington), pp. 57\u2013121 (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5252\/g2010n4a1","article-title":"False teeth: Conodont-vertebrate phylogenetic relationships revisited","volume":"32","author":"Turner S","year":"2010","unstructured":"S Turner, et al., False teeth: Conodont-vertebrate phylogenetic relationships revisited. 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