{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:45:43Z","timestamp":1791852343774,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"34","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Probes embedded within a structure can enable prediction of material behavior or failure. Carefully assembled composites that respond intelligently to physical changes within a material could be useful as intrinsic sensors. Molecular rotors are one such tool that can respond optically to physical environmental changes. Here, we propose to use molecular rotors within a polymersome membrane to report membrane stress. Using supermolecular porphyrin-based fluorophores as rotors, we characterize changes in the optical emission of these near-infrared (NIR) emissive probes embedded within the hydrophobic core of the polymersome membrane. The configuration of entrapped fluorophore depends on the available space within the membrane; in response to increased volume, emission is blue shifted. We used this feature to study how shifts in fluorescence correlate to membrane integrity, imparted by membrane stress. We monitored changes in emission of these porphyrin-based fluorophores resulting from membrane stress produced through a range of physical and chemical perturbations, including surfactant-induced lysis, hydrolytic lysis, thermal degradation, and applied stress by micropipette aspiration. This paper comprehensively illustrates the potential for supermolecular porphyrin-based fluorophores to detect intrinsic physical changes in a wide variety of environments, and suggests how molecular rotors may be used in soft materials science and biology as sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102125108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T04:34:54Z","timestamp":1313469294000},"page":"13984-13989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Sensing membrane stress with near IR-emissive porphyrins"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Neha P.","family":"Kamat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel E.","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Rawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Therien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan J.","family":"Dmochowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016022107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja800570d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00368a042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja061897o"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja981811u"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja021157p"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409394102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b604212k"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm062427w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja711497w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja055571b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Viscosity dependence of fluorescent quantum yields of some dye systems","volume":"75","author":"Forster T","year":"1971","unstructured":"T Forster, G Hoffmann, Viscosity dependence of fluorescent quantum yields of some dye systems. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie (Frankfurt) 75, 63\u201376 (1971).","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie (Frankfurt)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma020669l"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2003-00264-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la803769q"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja910606y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0519009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200301694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.05.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp050103u"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja808586q"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201000659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100300a003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(76)85713-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Mechanics and thermodynamics of biomembranes: Part 1","volume":"3","author":"Evans EA","year":"1979","unstructured":"EA Evans, R Skalak, Mechanics and thermodynamics of biomembranes: Part 1. CRC Crit Rev Bioeng 3, 181\u2013330 (1979).","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev Bioeng"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"MD Abramoff PJ Magalhaes SJ Ram Image Processing with ImageJ.  (Biophotonics International) 11 36\u201342 (2004)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1102125108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T20:14:13Z","timestamp":1649794453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1102125108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1102125108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1102125108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-08-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}