{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:59:34Z","timestamp":1792166374274,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"27","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Predator\u2013prey relationships provide a classic paradigm for the study of innate animal behavior. Odors from carnivores elicit stereotyped fear and avoidance responses in rodents, although sensory mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we identified a chemical produced by predators that activates a mouse olfactory receptor and produces an innate behavioral response. We purified this predator cue from bobcat urine and identified it to be a biogenic amine, 2-phenylethylamine. Quantitative HPLC analysis across 38 mammalian species indicates enriched 2-phenylethylamine production by numerous carnivores, with some producing &gt;3,000-fold more than herbivores examined. Calcium imaging of neuronal responses in mouse olfactory tissue slices identified dispersed carnivore odor-selective sensory neurons that also responded to 2-phenylethylamine. Two prey species, rat and mouse, avoid a 2-phenylethylamine odor source, and loss-of-function studies involving enzymatic depletion of 2-phenylethylamine from a carnivore odor indicate it to be required for full avoidance behavior. Thus, rodent olfactory sensory neurons and chemosensory receptors have the capacity for recognizing interspecies odors. One such cue, carnivore-derived 2-phenylethylamine, is a key component of a predator odor blend that triggers hard-wired aversion circuits in the rodent brain. These data show how a single, volatile chemical detected in the environment can drive an elaborate danger-associated behavioral response in mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103317108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]],"date-time":"2011-06-21T01:35:06Z","timestamp":1308620106000},"page":"11235-11240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":336,"title":["Detection and avoidance of a carnivore odor by prey"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aCell Biology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie K.","family":"Lemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aCell Biology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fluegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stan L.","family":"Pashkovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne J.","family":"Korzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aCell Biology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep Robert","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Spehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Neuroscience DA, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Fendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Neuroscience DA, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Liberles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aCell Biology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b98318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00126-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0915147107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082127599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069259"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80581-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154476"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35015572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4939-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017983108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-006-9186-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1097-206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.7.2059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.3160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2004.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"517","article-title":"Trimethylaminuria: The fish malodor syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Mitchell SC","year":"2001","unstructured":"SC Mitchell, RL Smith, Trimethylaminuria: The fish malodor syndrome. 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