{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:47:04Z","timestamp":1791355624770,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Volcanic eruptions caused major weather and climatic changes on timescales ranging from hours to centuries in the past. Volcanic particles are injected in the atmosphere both as primary particles rapidly deposited due to their large sizes on time scales of minutes to a few weeks in the troposphere, and secondary particles mainly derived from the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. These particles are responsible for the atmospheric cooling observed at both regional and global scales following large volcanic eruptions. However, large condensational sinks due to preexisting particles within the plume, and unknown nucleation mechanisms under these circumstances make the assumption of new secondary particle formation still uncertain because the phenomenon has never been observed in a volcanic plume. In this work, we report the first observation of nucleation and new secondary particle formation events in a volcanic plume. These measurements were performed at the puy de D\u00f4me atmospheric research station in central France during the Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption in Spring 2010. We show that the nucleation is indeed linked to exceptionally high concentrations of sulfuric acid and present an unusual high particle formation rate. In addition we demonstrate that the binary H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0-\u00a0H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O nucleation scheme, as it is usually considered in modeling studies, underestimates by 7 to 8 orders of magnitude the observed particle formation rate and, therefore, should not be applied in tropospheric conditions. These results may help to revisit all past simulations of the impact of volcanic eruptions on climate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104923108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,12]],"date-time":"2011-07-12T02:10:10Z","timestamp":1310436610000},"page":"12223-12226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Observations of nucleation of new particles in a volcanic plume"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"Boulon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique, Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont Ferrand, Centre National de la Recheche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, 63177 Aubi\u00e8re, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Sellegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique, Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont Ferrand, Centre National de la Recheche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, 63177 Aubi\u00e8re, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Hervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique, Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont Ferrand, Centre National de la Recheche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, 63177 Aubi\u00e8re, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Laj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G\u00e9ophysique de l\u2019Environnement, Observatoire des Sciences de l\u2019Univers de Grenoble, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5183, Universit\u00e9 Joseph Frourier, BP 53-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/327671a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.264.5161.948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC03547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B26140.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Frontiers of Climate Modeling","author":"Ramaswamy V","year":"2006","unstructured":"V Ramaswamy, S Ramachandran, G Stenchikov, A Robock, A model study of the effect of Pinatubo volcanic aerosols on stratospheric temperature. 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Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 11, 8249\u20138290 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys Discuss"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD03325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2752171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11223-2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D04205","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003961","article-title":"Organic aerosol formation via sulfate cluster activation","volume":"109","author":"Kulmala M","year":"2004","unstructured":"M Kulmala, V.-M Kerminen, T Anttila, A Laaksonen, CD O\u2019Dowd, Organic aerosol formation via sulfate cluster activation. 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