{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:02:06Z","timestamp":1791658926699,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"38","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although investigations of medieval plague victims have identified\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the putative etiologic agent of the pandemic, methodological limitations have prevented large-scale genomic investigations to evaluate changes in the pathogen's virulence over time. We screened over 100 skeletal remains from Black Death victims of the East Smithfield mass burial site (1348\u20131350, London, England). Recent methods of DNA enrichment coupled with high-throughput DNA sequencing subsequently permitted reconstruction of ten full human mitochondrial genomes (16 kb each) and the full pPCP1 (9.6 kb) virulence-associated plasmid at high coverage. Comparisons of molecular damage profiles between endogenous human and\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA confirmed its authenticity as an ancient pathogen, thus representing the longest contiguous genomic sequence for an ancient pathogen to date. Comparison of our reconstructed plasmid against modern\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    shows identity with several isolates matching the\n                    <jats:italic>Medievalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biovar; however, our chromosomal sequences indicate the victims were infected with a\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    variant that has not been previously reported. Our data reveal that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    that may no longer exist, and genetic data carried on its pPCP1 plasmid were not responsible for the purported epidemiological differences between ancient and modern forms of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105107108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,29]],"date-time":"2011-08-29T22:04:21Z","timestamp":1314655461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["Targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the pPCP1 plasmid of\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    from victims of the Black Death"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Verena J.","family":"Schuenemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Naturwissenschaftliche Arch\u00e4ologie, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72072 T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"DeWitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Schmedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Investigative Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joslyn","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa","family":"Mittnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Naturwissenschaftliche Arch\u00e4ologie, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72072 T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Coombes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;"},{"name":"Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J. D.","family":"Earn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8;"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Bioarcheology, Museum of London, London EC2Y 5HN, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Naturwissenschaftliche Arch\u00e4ologie, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72072 T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"},{"name":"Human Genetics Department, Medical Faculty, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik N.","family":"Poinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8;"},{"name":"Michael G. 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