{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:16:54Z","timestamp":1791310614791,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Our case\u2013control study was performed to explore the association between placental levels of selected POPs and risks for neural tube defects (NTDs) in a Chinese population with a high prevalence of NTDs. Cases included 80 fetuses or newborns with NTDs, whereas the controls were 50 healthy, nonmalformed newborn infants. Placental concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were analyzed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. The medians of PAHs, o,p\u2032-isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, \u03b1- and \u03b3-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and \u03b1-endosulfan were significantly higher in case placentas than in controls. PAH concentrations above the median were associated with a 4.52-fold [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.10\u20139.74) increased risk for any NTDs, and 5.84- (95% CI, 2.28\u201314.96) and 3.71-fold (95% CI, 1.57\u20138.79) increased risks for anencephaly and spina bifida, respectively. A dose\u2013response relationship was observed between PAH levels and the risk of NTDs, with odds ratios for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, compared with the first, of 1.77- (95% CI, 0.66\u20134.76), 3.83- (95% CI, 1.37\u201310.75), and 11.67-fold (95% CI, 3.28\u201341.49), respectively. A dose\u2013response relationship was observed for anencephaly and spina bifida subtypes. Similar results were observed for o,p\u2032-DDT and metabolites, \u03b1-HCH, \u03b3-HCH, and \u03b1-endosulfan, whereas no dose\u2013response relationship was observed for the last two pollutants. Elevated placental concentrations of PAHs, o,p\u2032-DDT and metabolites, and \u03b1-HCH were associated with increased risks of NTDs in this population<\/jats:bold>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105209108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]],"date-time":"2011-07-18T23:35:45Z","timestamp":1311032145000},"page":"12770-12775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":278,"title":["Association of selected persistent organic pollutants in the placenta with the risk of neural tube defects"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Child Health and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Child Health and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Child Health and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Child Health and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Finnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences and"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911113412006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Global Report on Birth Defects: The Hidden Toll of Dying and Disabled Children","year":"2006","unstructured":"Global Report on Birth Defects: The Hidden Toll of Dying and Disabled Children (March of Dimes Foundation, New York, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06886.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103s6165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"L Ritter KR Solomon J Forget M Stemeroff C O'Leary Persistent organic pollutants: An assessment report on: DDT-aldrin-dieldrin-endrin-chlordane heptachlor-hexachlorobenzene mirex-toxaphene polychlorinated biphenyls dioxins and furans. 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