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Epicutaneous immunization with CT does not require engagement of classic toll-like receptor (TLR) and inflammasome pathways and, surprisingly, is independent of skin langerin-expressing cells (including Langerhans cells). However, CT adjuvanticity required type-I IFN sensitivity, participation of a Batf3-dependent dendritic cell (DC) population and engagement of CT with suitable gangliosides. Chemoenzymatic generation of CT\u2013antigen fusion proteins led to efficient priming of the CD8 T-cell responses, paving the way for development of this immunization strategy as a therapeutic option.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105771109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]],"date-time":"2012-01-24T02:18:47Z","timestamp":1327371527000},"page":"2072-2077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cholera toxin activates nonconventional adjuvant pathways that induce protective CD8 T-cell responses after epicutaneous vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Irlanda","family":"Olvera-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55414; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55414; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengguo","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55414; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla P.","family":"Guimaraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02142"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidde L.","family":"Ploegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02142"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin A.","family":"Hogquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55414; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55414; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Jameson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55414; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00466-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/36014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00733-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00141-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22411.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535770"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cji.0000171289.78495.b0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.5.2476"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.7.3211","article-title":"Transcutaneous immunization with cholera toxin protects mice against lethal mucosal toxin challenge","volume":"161","author":"Glenn GM","year":"1998","unstructured":"GM Glenn, et al., Transcutaneous immunization with cholera toxin protects mice against lethal mucosal toxin challenge. 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