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Here we present the evaluation of a living, tissue-engineered IVD composed of a gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by an aligned collagenous annulus fibrosus in the caudal spine of athymic rats for up to 6\u00a0mo. When implanted into the rat caudal spine, tissue-engineered IVD maintained disc space height, produced de novo extracellular matrix, and integrated into the spine, yielding an intact motion segment with dynamic mechanical properties similar to that of native IVD. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of engineering a functional spinal motion segment and represent a critical step in developing biological therapies for degenerative disc disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107094108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]],"date-time":"2011-08-02T00:20:20Z","timestamp":1312244420000},"page":"13106-13111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Tissue-engineered intervertebral discs produce new matrix, maintain disc height, and restore biomechanical function to the rodent spine"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Robby D.","family":"Bowles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 151 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry H.","family":"Gebhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"H\u00e4rtl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence J.","family":"Bonassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 151 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853;"},{"name":"Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 149 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"671","article-title":"Low back pain","volume":"81","author":"Ehrlich GE","year":"2003","unstructured":"GE Ehrlich, Low back pain. 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