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Here we report the surprising result that a portion of the vermis receives dense input from the cerebral cortex. We injected rabies virus into lobules VB\u2013VIIIB of the vermis and used retrograde transneuronal transport of the virus to define disynaptic inputs to it. We found that large numbers of neurons in the primary motor cortex and in several motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere project to the vermis. Thus, our results challenge the classical view of the vermis and indicate that it no longer should be considered as entirely isolated from the cerebral cortex. Instead, lobules VB\u2013VIIIB represent a site where the cortical motor areas can influence descending control systems involved in the regulation of whole-body posture and locomotion. We argue that the projection from the cerebral cortex to the vermis is part of the neural substrate for anticipatory postural adjustments and speculate that dysfunction of this system may underlie some forms of dystonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107904108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,13]],"date-time":"2011-09-13T02:44:44Z","timestamp":1315881884000},"page":"16068-16073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":222,"title":["Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Coffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, and"},{"name":"Departments of bNeurobiology and"},{"name":"Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Dum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, and"},{"name":"Departments of bNeurobiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Strick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, and"},{"name":"Departments of bNeurobiology and"},{"name":"Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900730204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901030107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1955.02330180071008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","author":"Ghez C","year":"2000","unstructured":"C Ghez, WT Thach, The cerebellum. 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