{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T22:20:06Z","timestamp":1789942806510,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Normal vision requires the precise control of vascular growth to maintain corneal transparency. Here we provide evidence for a unique mechanism by which the Forkhead box transcription factor FoxC1 regulates corneal vascular development. Murine Foxc1 is essential for development of the ocular anterior segment, and in humans, mutations have been identified in Axenfeld\u2013Rieger syndrome, a disorder characterized by anterior segment dysgenesis. We show that\n                    <jats:italic>FOXC1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations also lead to corneal angiogenesis, and that mice homozygous for either a global (\n                    <jats:italic>Foxc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) or neural crest (NC)-specific (NC-\n                    <jats:italic>Foxc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) null mutation display excessive growth of corneal blood and lymphatic vessels. This is associated with disorganization of the extracellular matrix and increased expression of multiple matrix metalloproteinases. Heterozygous mutants (\n                    <jats:italic>Foxc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and NC-\n                    <jats:italic>Foxc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) exhibit milder phenotypes, such as disrupted limbal vasculature. Moreover, environmental exposure to corneal injury significantly increases growth of both blood and lymphatic vessels in both\n                    <jats:italic>Foxc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and NC-\n                    <jats:italic>Foxc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice compared with controls. Notably, this amplification of the angiogenic response is abolished by inhibition of VEGF receptor 2. Collectively, these findings identify a role for FoxC1 in inhibiting corneal angiogenesis, thereby maintaining corneal transparency by regulating VEGF signaling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109540109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T00:59:36Z","timestamp":1323910776000},"page":"2015-2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Forkhead box transcription factor FoxC1 preserves corneal transparency by regulating vascular growth"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Seungwoon","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardeep P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Lacal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico Dell'Immaculata, Istituto di Recovero e Curo a Carattere Scientifico, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Sasman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anees","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Losordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ordan J.","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Kume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2008.6348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"275","article-title":"Antiangiogenic drugs in the management of ocular diseases: Focus on antivascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"4","author":"Sassa Y","year":"2010","unstructured":"Y Sassa, Y Hata, Antiangiogenic drugs in the management of ocular diseases: Focus on antivascular endothelial growth factor. 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