{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:29:33Z","timestamp":1792711773616,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To investigate the mechanistic basis for central nervous system (CNS) neurodegeneration in the disease ataxia\u2013telangiectasia (A-T), we analyzed flies mutant for the causative gene\n                    <jats:italic>A-T mutated<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ATM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ).\n                    <jats:italic>ATM<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes a protein kinase that functions to monitor the genomic integrity of cells and control cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis programs. Mutation of the C-terminal amino acid in\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATM inhibited the kinase activity and caused neuron and glial cell death in the adult brain and a reduction in mobility and longevity. These data indicate that reduced ATM kinase activity is sufficient to cause neurodegeneration in A-T. ATM kinase mutant flies also had elevated expression of innate immune response genes in glial cells.\n                    <jats:italic>ATM<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockdown in glial cells, but not neurons, was sufficient to cause neuron and glial cell death, a reduction in mobility and longevity, and elevated expression of innate immune response genes in glial cells, indicating that a non\u2013cell-autonomous mechanism contributes to neurodegeneration in A-T. Taken together, these data suggest that early-onset CNS neurodegeneration in A-T is similar to late-onset CNS neurodegeneration in diseases such as Alzheimer's in which uncontrolled inflammatory response mediated by glial cells drives neurodegeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110470109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]],"date-time":"2012-02-21T22:21:16Z","timestamp":1329862876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["ATM kinase inhibition in glial cells activates the innate immune response and causes neurodegeneration in\n                    <i>Drosophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey A.","family":"Rimkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Wassarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011811-132509"},{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/G10-067"},{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2563"},{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615"},{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.10.7.705","article-title":"Progressive ataxia in childhood with particular reference to ataxia-telangiectasia","volume":"10","author":"Sedgwick RP","year":"1960","unstructured":"RP Sedgwick, E Boder, Progressive ataxia in childhood with particular reference to ataxia-telangiectasia. Neurology 10, 705\u2013715 (1960).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009414551821","article-title":"Clinical and genetic features of ataxia-telangiectasia","volume":"66","author":"Bundey S","year":"1994","unstructured":"S Bundey, Clinical and genetic features of ataxia-telangiectasia. Int J Radiat Biol 66, S23\u2013S29 (1994).","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011811-132509","article-title":"ATM and the molecular pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia","volume":"7","author":"McKinnon PJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"PJ McKinnon, ATM and the molecular pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia. Ann Rev Pathol Mech Dis 7, 303\u2013321 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7792600","article-title":"A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase","volume":"268","author":"Savitsky K","year":"1995","unstructured":"K Savitsky, et al., A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science 268, 1749\u20131753 (1995).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.05.031","article-title":"Multiple roles of ATM in monitoring and maintaining DNA integrity","volume":"584","author":"Derheimer FA","year":"2010","unstructured":"FA Derheimer, MB Kastan, Multiple roles of ATM in monitoring and maintaining DNA integrity. FEBS Lett 584, 3675\u20133681 (2010).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0683-9","article-title":"ATM protein kinase: The linchpin of cellular defenses to stress","volume":"68","author":"Bhatti S","year":"2011","unstructured":"S Bhatti, et al., ATM protein kinase: The linchpin of cellular defenses to stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 68, 2977\u20133006 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01368","article-title":"DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation","volume":"421","author":"Bakkenist CJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"CJ Bakkenist, MB Kastan, DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 421, 499\u2013506 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140321","article-title":"ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage","volume":"316","author":"Matsuoka S","year":"2007","unstructured":"S Matsuoka, et al., ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage. Science 316, 1160\u20131166 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42462","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100466200","article-title":"ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks","volume":"276","author":"Burma S","year":"2001","unstructured":"S Burma, BP Chen, M Murphy, A Kurimasa, DJ Chen, ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks. J Biol Chem 276, 42462\u201342467 (2001).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4946-04.2005","article-title":"Loss of neuronal cell cycle control in ataxia-telangiectasia: a unified disease mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Yang Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Y Yang, K Herrup, Loss of neuronal cell cycle control in ataxia-telangiectasia: a unified disease mechanism. J Neurosci 25, 2522\u20132529 (2005).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1639608","article-title":"Mutations in String\/CDC25 inhibit cell cycle re-entry and neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Ataxia telangiectasia","volume":"22","author":"Rimkus SA","year":"2008","unstructured":"SA Rimkus, et al., Mutations in String\/CDC25 inhibit cell cycle re-entry and neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Ataxia telangiectasia. Genes Dev 22, 1205\u20131220 (2008).","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2008.03.006","article-title":"The neurological phenotype of ataxia-telangiectasia: Solving a persistent puzzle","volume":"7","author":"Biton S","year":"2008","unstructured":"S Biton, A Barzilai, Y Shiloh, The neurological phenotype of ataxia-telangiectasia: Solving a persistent puzzle. DNA Repair (Amst) 7, 1028\u20131038 (2008).","journal-title":"DNA Repair (Amst)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23455","article-title":"Glia: initiators and progressors of pathology in Parkinson's disease","volume":"26","author":"Halliday GM","year":"2011","unstructured":"GM Halliday, CH Stevens, Glia: initiators and progressors of pathology in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 26, 6\u201317 (2011).","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"129","author":"Amor S","year":"2010","unstructured":"S Amor, F Puentes, D Baker, P van der Valk, Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 129, 154\u2013169 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.219","article-title":"Microglia as mediators of inflammatory and degenerative diseases","volume":"22","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Scarano F","year":"1999","unstructured":"F Gonz\u00e1lez-Scarano, G Baltuch, Microglia as mediators of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Annu Rev Neurosci 22, 219\u2013240 (1999).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200908164","article-title":"Non-cell autonomous toxicity in neurodegenerative disorders: ALS and beyond","volume":"187","author":"Ilieva H","year":"2009","unstructured":"H Ilieva, M Polymenidou, DW Cleveland, Non-cell autonomous toxicity in neurodegenerative disorders: ALS and beyond. J Cell Biol 187, 761\u2013772 (2009).","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.23.12688","article-title":"Degeneration of neurons, synapses, and neuropil and glial activation in a murine Atm knockout model of ataxia-telangiectasia","volume":"94","author":"Kuljis RO","year":"1997","unstructured":"RO Kuljis, Y Xu, MC Aguila, D Baltimore, Degeneration of neurons, synapses, and neuropil and glial activation in a murine Atm knockout model of ataxia-telangiectasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 12688\u201312693 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700354","article-title":"ATM deficiency induces oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in astrocytes","volume":"85","author":"Liu N","year":"2005","unstructured":"N Liu, et al., ATM deficiency induces oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in astrocytes. Lab Invest 85, 1471\u20131480 (2005).","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.007","article-title":"Elevated serum IL-8 levels in ataxia telangiectasia","volume":"156","author":"McGrath-Morrow SA","year":"2010","unstructured":"SA McGrath-Morrow, et al., Elevated serum IL-8 levels in ataxia telangiectasia. J Pediatr 156, 682\u2013684, e1 (2010).","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2584","article-title":"Atm-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis characterized by elevated DNA damage and persistent immune activation","volume":"70","author":"Westbrook AM","year":"2010","unstructured":"AM Westbrook, RH Schiestl, Atm-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis characterized by elevated DNA damage and persistent immune activation. Cancer Res 70, 1875\u20131884 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1139\/G10-067","article-title":"Molecular genetic characterization of Drosophila ATM conserved functional domains","volume":"53","author":"Pedersen M","year":"2010","unstructured":"M Pedersen, S Tiong, SD Campbell, Molecular genetic characterization of Drosophila ATM conserved functional domains. Genome 53, 778\u2013786 (2010).","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.281","article-title":"Emerging common themes in regulation of PIKKs and PI3Ks","volume":"28","author":"Lempi\u00e4inen H","year":"2009","unstructured":"H Lempi\u00e4inen, TD Halazonetis, Emerging common themes in regulation of PIKKs and PI3Ks. EMBO J 28, 3067\u20133073 (2009).","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201104121","article-title":"Drosophila ATM and ATR have distinct activities in the regulation of meiotic DNA damage and repair","volume":"195","author":"Joyce EF","year":"2011","unstructured":"EF Joyce, et al., Drosophila ATM and ATR have distinct activities in the regulation of meiotic DNA damage and repair. J Cell Biol 195, 359\u2013367 (2011).","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2563","article-title":"Maintaining the brain: Insight into human neurodegeneration from Drosophila melanogaster mutants","volume":"10","author":"Lessing D","year":"2009","unstructured":"D Lessing, NM Bonini, Maintaining the brain: Insight into human neurodegeneration from Drosophila melanogaster mutants. Nat Rev Genet 10, 359\u2013370 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-09-03113.2001","article-title":"A novel member of the Ig superfamily, turtle, is a CNS-specific protein required for coordinated motor control","volume":"21","author":"Bodily KD","year":"2001","unstructured":"KD Bodily, CM Morrison, RB Renden, K Broadie, A novel member of the Ig superfamily, turtle, is a CNS-specific protein required for coordinated motor control. J Neurosci 21, 3113\u20133125 (2001).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000502","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000502","article-title":"An integrated micro- and macroarchitectural analysis of the Drosophila brain by computer-assisted serial section electron microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Cardona A","year":"2010","unstructured":"A Cardona, et al., An integrated micro- and macroarchitectural analysis of the Drosophila brain by computer-assisted serial section electron microscopy. PLoS Biol 8, e1000502 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22376","article-title":"Development-based compartmentalization of the Drosophila central brain","volume":"518","author":"Pereanu W","year":"2010","unstructured":"W Pereanu, A Kumar, A Jennett, H Reichert, V Hartenstein, Development-based compartmentalization of the Drosophila central brain. J Comp Neurol 518, 2996\u20133023 (2010).","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.185","article-title":"The cleaved-Caspase-3 antibody is a marker of Caspase-9-like DRONC activity in Drosophila","volume":"17","author":"Fan Y","year":"2010","unstructured":"Y Fan, A Bergmann, The cleaved-Caspase-3 antibody is a marker of Caspase-9-like DRONC activity in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 17, 534\u2013539 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C400538200","article-title":"Nuclear translocation of caspase-3 is dependent on its proteolytic activation and recognition of a substrate-like protein(s)","volume":"280","author":"Kamada S","year":"2005","unstructured":"S Kamada, U Kikkawa, Y Tsujimoto, T Hunter, Nuclear translocation of caspase-3 is dependent on its proteolytic activation and recognition of a substrate-like protein(s). J Biol Chem 280, 857\u2013860 (2005).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.8.8.981","article-title":"repo encodes a glial-specific homeo domain protein required in the Drosophila nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Xiong WC","year":"1994","unstructured":"WC Xiong, H Okano, NH Patel, JA Blendy, C Montell, repo encodes a glial-specific homeo domain protein required in the Drosophila nervous system. Genes Dev 8, 981\u2013994 (1994).","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2003.12.041","article-title":"ELAV","volume":"14","author":"Soller M","year":"2004","unstructured":"M Soller, K White, ELAV. Curr Biol 14, R53 (2004).","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner M","year":"2000","unstructured":"M Ashburner, et al., Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet; The Gene Ontology Consortium 25, 25\u201329 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615","article-title":"The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"25","author":"Lemaitre B","year":"2007","unstructured":"B Lemaitre, J Hoffmann, The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu Rev Immunol 25, 697\u2013743 (2007).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9465","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9465","article-title":"A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense","volume":"92","author":"Lemaitre B","year":"1995","unstructured":"B Lemaitre, et al., A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 9465\u20139469 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.11.2568","article-title":"The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila","volume":"21","author":"De Gregorio E","year":"2002","unstructured":"E De Gregorio, PT Spellman, P Tzou, GM Rubin, B Lemaitre, The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J 21, 2568\u20132579 (2002).","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1998.1705","article-title":"Two distinct pathways can control expression of the gene encoding the Drosophila antimicrobial peptide metchnikowin","volume":"278","author":"Levashina EA","year":"1998","unstructured":"EA Levashina, S Ohresser, B Lemaitre, JL Imler, Two distinct pathways can control expression of the gene encoding the Drosophila antimicrobial peptide metchnikowin. J Mol Biol 278, 515\u2013527 (1998).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13772","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.25.13772","article-title":"A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"97","author":"Werner T","year":"2000","unstructured":"T Werner, et al., A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 13772\u201313777 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80172-5","article-title":"The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette sp\u00e4tzle\/Toll\/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults","volume":"86","author":"Lemaitre B","year":"1996","unstructured":"B Lemaitre, E Nicolas, L Michaut, JM Reichhart, JA Hoffmann, The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette sp\u00e4tzle\/Toll\/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86, 973\u2013983 (1996).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10343","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.19.10343","article-title":"Origins of immunity: Relish, a compound Rel-like gene in the antibacterial defense of Drosophila","volume":"93","author":"Dushay MS","year":"1996","unstructured":"MS Dushay, B Asling, D Hultmark, Origins of immunity: Relish, a compound Rel-like gene in the antibacterial defense of Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 10343\u201310347 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221458698","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of the Drosophila immune response by using oligonucleotide microarrays","volume":"98","author":"De Gregorio E","year":"2001","unstructured":"E De Gregorio, PT Spellman, GM Rubin, B Lemaitre, Genome-wide analysis of the Drosophila immune response by using oligonucleotide microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 12590\u201312595 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261573998","article-title":"A genome-wide analysis of immune responses in Drosophila","volume":"98","author":"Irving P","year":"2001","unstructured":"P Irving, et al., A genome-wide analysis of immune responses in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 15119\u201315124 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00545-1","article-title":"Microarray analysis and organization of circadian gene expression in Drosophila","volume":"107","author":"McDonald MJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"MJ McDonald, M Rosbash, Microarray analysis and organization of circadian gene expression in Drosophila. Cell 107, 567\u2013578 (2001).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00072-8","article-title":"Tissue-specific inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila surface epithelia","volume":"13","author":"Tzou P","year":"2000","unstructured":"P Tzou, et al., Tissue-specific inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila surface epithelia. Immunity 13, 737\u2013748 (2000).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0411","article-title":"Peripheral glia direct axon guidance across the CNS\/PNS transition zone","volume":"238","author":"Sepp KJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"KJ Sepp, J Schulte, VJ Auld, Peripheral glia direct axon guidance across the CNS\/PNS transition zone. Dev Biol 238, 47\u201363 (2001).","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(03)00051-3","article-title":"Making a better RNAi vector for Drosophila: Use of intron spacers","volume":"30","author":"Lee YS","year":"2003","unstructured":"YS Lee, RW Carthew, Making a better RNAi vector for Drosophila: Use of intron spacers. Methods 30, 322\u2013329 (2003).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63010041.x","article-title":"Neural specificity of elav expression: Defining a Drosophila promoter for directing expression to the nervous system","volume":"63","author":"Yao KM","year":"1994","unstructured":"KM Yao, K White, Neural specificity of elav expression: Defining a Drosophila promoter for directing expression to the nervous system. J Neurochem 63, 41\u201351 (1994).","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.8.15.1787","article-title":"Distinct morphogenetic functions of similar small GTPases: Drosophila Drac1 is involved in axonal outgrowth and myoblast fusion","volume":"8","author":"Luo L","year":"1994","unstructured":"L Luo, YJ Liao, LY Jan, YN Jan, Distinct morphogenetic functions of similar small GTPases: Drosophila Drac1 is involved in axonal outgrowth and myoblast fusion. Genes Dev 8, 1787\u20131802 (1994).","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15741","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513172200","article-title":"The FATC domains of PIKK proteins are functionally equivalent and participate in the Tip60-dependent activation of DNA-PKcs and ATM","volume":"281","author":"Jiang X","year":"2006","unstructured":"X Jiang, Y Sun, S Chen, K Roy, BD Price, The FATC domains of PIKK proteins are functionally equivalent and participate in the Tip60-dependent activation of DNA-PKcs and ATM. J Biol Chem 281, 15741\u201315746 (2006).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2004.12.006","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure and regulation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs)","volume":"13","author":"Rivera-Calzada A","year":"2005","unstructured":"A Rivera-Calzada, JD Maman, L Spagnolo, LH Pearl, O Llorca, Three-dimensional structure and regulation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). Structure 13, 243\u2013255 (2005).","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.9454","article-title":"ATM mutations in Italian families with ataxia telangiectasia include two distinct large genomic deletions","volume":"27","author":"Cavalieri S","year":"2006","unstructured":"S Cavalieri, et al., ATM mutations in Italian families with ataxia telangiectasia include two distinct large genomic deletions. Hum Mutat 27, 1061 (2006).","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.5.1217","article-title":"A drosomycin-GFP reporter transgene reveals a local immune response in Drosophila that is not dependent on the Toll pathway","volume":"17","author":"Ferrandon D","year":"1998","unstructured":"D Ferrandon, et al., A drosomycin-GFP reporter transgene reveals a local immune response in Drosophila that is not dependent on the Toll pathway. EMBO J 17, 1217\u20131227 (1998).","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5951-08.2009","article-title":"Ensheathing glia function as phagocytes in the adult Drosophila brain","volume":"29","author":"Doherty J","year":"2009","unstructured":"J Doherty, MA Logan, OE Ta\u015fdemir, MR Freeman, Ensheathing glia function as phagocytes in the adult Drosophila brain. J Neurosci 29, 4768\u20134781 (2009).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21162","article-title":"Morphological diversity and development of glia in Drosophila","volume":"59","author":"Hartenstein V","year":"2011","unstructured":"V Hartenstein, Morphological diversity and development of glia in Drosophila. Glia 59, 1237\u20131252 (2011).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08698","article-title":"FOXO-dependent regulation of innate immune homeostasis","volume":"463","author":"Becker T","year":"2010","unstructured":"T Becker, et al., FOXO-dependent regulation of innate immune homeostasis. Nature 463, 369\u2013373 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15957","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607608103","article-title":"GATA factors participate in tissue-specific immune responses in Drosophila larvae","volume":"103","author":"Senger K","year":"2006","unstructured":"K Senger, K Harris, M Levine, GATA factors participate in tissue-specific immune responses in Drosophila larvae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 15957\u201315962 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.179","article-title":"Nuclear initiated NF-\u03baB signaling: NEMO and ATM take center stage","volume":"21","author":"Miyamoto S","year":"2011","unstructured":"S Miyamoto, Nuclear initiated NF-\u03baB signaling: NEMO and ATM take center stage. Cell Res 21, 116\u2013130 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00009.2006","article-title":"Purine and folate metabolism as a potential target of sex-specific nutrient allocation in Drosophila and its implication for lifespan-reproduction tradeoff","volume":"25","author":"Bauer M","year":"2006","unstructured":"M Bauer, et al., Purine and folate metabolism as a potential target of sex-specific nutrient allocation in Drosophila and its implication for lifespan-reproduction tradeoff. Physiol Genomics 25, 393\u2013404 (2006).","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00030.2006","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms limit the duration of wakefulness in Drosophila brain","volume":"27","author":"Zimmerman JE","year":"2006","unstructured":"JE Zimmerman, et al., Multiple mechanisms limit the duration of wakefulness in Drosophila brain. Physiol Genomics 27, 337\u2013350 (2006).","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi074","article-title":"Genetic and genomic studies of Drosophila parkin mutants implicate oxidative stress and innate immune responses in pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Greene JC","year":"2005","unstructured":"JC Greene, AJ Whitworth, LA Andrews, TJ Parker, LJ Pallanck, Genetic and genomic studies of Drosophila parkin mutants implicate oxidative stress and innate immune responses in pathogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 14, 799\u2013811 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003966","article-title":"The Toll\u2014>NFkappaB signaling pathway mediates the neuropathological effects of the human Alzheimer's Abeta42 polypeptide in Drosophila","volume":"3","author":"Tan L","year":"2008","unstructured":"L Tan, P Schedl, HJ Song, D Garza, M Konsolaki, The Toll\u2014>NFkappaB signaling pathway mediates the neuropathological effects of the human Alzheimer's Abeta42 polypeptide in Drosophila. PLoS ONE 3, e3966 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors are key players in neurodegeneration","volume":"11","author":"Arroyo DS","year":"2011","unstructured":"DS Arroyo, JA Soria, EA Gaviglio, MC Rodriguez-Galan, P Iribarren, Toll-like receptors are key players in neurodegeneration. Int Immunopharmacol 11, 1415\u20131421 (2011).","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.07.002","article-title":"Microglia dynamics and function in the CNS","volume":"20","author":"Parkhurst CN","year":"2010","unstructured":"CN Parkhurst, WB Gan, Microglia dynamics and function in the CNS. Curr Opin Neurobiol 20, 595\u2013600 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000258724","article-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Morales I","year":"2010","unstructured":"I Morales, G Far\u00edas, RB Maccioni, Neuroimmunomodulation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 17, 202\u2013204 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9656-2","article-title":"Oxidative and inflammatory pathways in Parkinson's disease","volume":"34","author":"Miller RL","year":"2009","unstructured":"RL Miller, M James-Kracke, GY Sun, AY Sun, Oxidative and inflammatory pathways in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 34, 55\u201365 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7425","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07425.1997","article-title":"The swiss cheese mutant causes glial hyperwrapping and brain degeneration in Drosophila","volume":"17","author":"Kretzschmar D","year":"1997","unstructured":"D Kretzschmar, G Hasan, S Sharma, M Heisenberg, S Benzer, The swiss cheese mutant causes glial hyperwrapping and brain degeneration in Drosophila. J Neurosci 17, 7425\u20137432 (1997).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9256","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01125-06","article-title":"ATM and ATR pathways signal alternative splicing of Drosophila TAF1 pre-mRNA in response to DNA damage","volume":"26","author":"Katzenberger RJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"RJ Katzenberger, MS Marengo, DA Wassarman, ATM and ATR pathways signal alternative splicing of Drosophila TAF1 pre-mRNA in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 26, 9256\u20139267 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1110470109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T01:28:00Z","timestamp":1713576480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1110470109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1110470109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1110470109","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718021206.793478952","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-02-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}