{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:01:13Z","timestamp":1790704873418,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula caused by the highly infectious Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) that can be lethal to humans and animals and results in major losses in the livestock industry. RVF is exotic to the United States; however, mosquito species native to this region can serve as biological vectors for the virus. Thus, accidental or malicious introduction of this virus could result in RVFV becoming endemic in North America. Such an event would likely lead to significant morbidity and mortality in humans, and devastating economic effects on the livestock industry. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines for RVF that are both safe and efficacious. To address this issue, we developed two recombinant RVFV vaccines using vaccinia virus (VACV) as a vector for use in livestock. The first vaccine, vCOGnGc, was attenuated by the deletion of a VACV gene encoding an IFN-\u03b3 binding protein, insertional inactivation of the thymidine kinase gene, and expression of RVFV glycoproteins, Gn and Gc. The second vaccine, vCOGnGc\u03b3, is identical to the first and also expresses the human IFN-\u03b3 gene to enhance safety. Both vaccines are extremely safe; neither resulted in weight loss nor death in severe combined immunodeficient mice, and pock lesions were smaller in baboons compared with the controls. Furthermore, both vaccines induced protective levels of antibody titers in vaccinated mice and baboons. Mice were protected from lethal RVFV challenge. Thus, we have developed two safe and efficacious recombinant vaccines for RVF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112149108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]],"date-time":"2011-08-23T23:01:57Z","timestamp":1314140517000},"page":"14926-14931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Recombinant Rift Valley fever vaccines induce protective levels of antibody in baboons and resistance to lethal challenge in mice"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"James F.","family":"Papin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo H.","family":"Verardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Monge-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa N.","family":"Worthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Freiberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilahun D.","family":"Yilma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Tropical Disease Agents, School of Veterinary Medicine,"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Eighth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses","author":"Fauquet C","year":"2005","unstructured":"C Fauquet Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Eighth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp viii, 1259 pp. (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Fields BN","year":"2007","unstructured":"BN Fields, DM Knipe, PM Howley Fields Virology (Wolters Kluwer Health\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 5th Ed, Philadelphia, 2007).","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90087-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(86)90114-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(85)90320-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-6-1345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01310-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700340418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Rift Valley fever","volume":"10","author":"Easterday BC","year":"1965","unstructured":"BC Easterday, Rift Valley fever. 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