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The results demonstrate that the mandible, in contrast to the cranium, significantly reflects subsistence strategy rather than neutral genetic patterns, with hunter-gatherers having consistently longer and narrower mandibles than agriculturalists. These results support notions that a decrease in masticatory stress among agriculturalists causes the mandible to grow and develop differently. This developmental argument also explains why there is often a mismatch between the size of the lower face and the dentition, which, in turn, leads to increased prevalence of dental crowding and malocclusions in modern postindustrial populations. Therefore, these results have important implications for our understanding of human masticatory adaptation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113050108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,22]],"date-time":"2011-11-22T02:22:31Z","timestamp":1321928551000},"page":"19546-19551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Noreen","family":"von Cramon-Taubadel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914274108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjnrtmh"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330460316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2004.0060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402637101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/145262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330850406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1999.19540491.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03043785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21554"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(84)90035-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/12.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7123221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-001-1013-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","volume-title":"The History and Geography of Human Genes","author":"Cavalli-Sforza LL","year":"1994","unstructured":"LL Cavalli-Sforza, P Menozzi, A Piazza The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","author":"Buikstra JE","year":"1994","unstructured":"JE Buikstra, DH Uberlaker Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Report No. 44 (Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville, AK). 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