{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:40:07Z","timestamp":1793400007060,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The mammalian gut harbors a dense microbial community interacting in multiple ways, including horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Pangenome analyses established particularly high levels of genetic flux between Gram-negative\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, the mechanisms fostering intraenterobacterial HGT are incompletely understood. Using a mouse colitis model, we found that\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -inflicted enteropathy elicits parallel blooms of the pathogen and of resident commensal\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These blooms boosted conjugative HGT of the colicin-plasmid p2 from\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhimurium to\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Transconjugation efficiencies of \u223c100% in vivo were attributable to high intrinsic p2-transfer rates. Plasmid-encoded fitness benefits contributed little. Under normal conditions, HGT was blocked by the commensal microbiota inhibiting contact-dependent conjugation between\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our data show that pathogen-driven inflammatory responses in the gut can generate transient enterobacterial blooms in which conjugative transfer occurs at unprecedented rates. These blooms may favor reassortment of plasmid-encoded genes between pathogens and commensals fostering the spread of fitness-, virulence-, and antibiotic-resistance determinants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113246109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]],"date-time":"2012-01-09T20:43:26Z","timestamp":1326141806000},"page":"1269-1274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":482,"title":["Gut inflammation can boost horizontal gene transfer between pathogenic and commensal\n                    <i>Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"B\u00e4rbel","family":"Stecher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9my","family":"Denzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Bernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy J.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Pickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manja","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid M.","family":"Westendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Krogfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 S Copenhagen, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Dobrindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Infectious Biology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany; and"},{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf-Dietrich","family":"Hardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"510","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"470","author":"Arumugam M","year":"2011","unstructured":"M Arumugam, et al., Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. 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