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The central difficulty is a considerable viral capacity for immune escape; new pandemic variants, as well as viral escape mutants in seasonal influenza, compromise the buildup of herd immunity from natural infection or deployment of current vaccines. Consequently, most current influenza vaccination programs focus mainly on protection of specific risk groups, rather than mass prophylactic protection. Here, we use epidemiological models to show that emerging vaccine technologies, aimed at broad-spectrum protection, could qualitatively alter this picture. We demonstrate that sustained immunization with such vaccines could\u2014through potentially lowering transmission rates and improving herd immunity\u2014significantly moderate both influenza pandemic and seasonal epidemics. More subtly, phylodynamic models indicate that widespread cross-protective immunization could slow the antigenic evolution of seasonal influenza; these effects have profound implications for a transition to mass vaccination strategies against human influenza, and for the management of antigenically variable viruses in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113342109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]],"date-time":"2012-02-08T00:58:49Z","timestamp":1328662729000},"page":"3173-3177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Impact of cross-protective vaccines on epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Nimalan","family":"Arinaminpathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Ratmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Koelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne L.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme E.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"Viboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan T.","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544;"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.15.7712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"537","article-title":"Effect of vaccination of a school-age population upon the course of an A2-Hong Kong influenza epidemic","volume":"41","author":"Monto AS","year":"1969","unstructured":"AS Monto, FM Davenport, JA Napier, TJ Francis, Effect of vaccination of a school-age population upon the course of an A2-Hong Kong influenza epidemic. 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