{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:29:07Z","timestamp":1790785747464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fossil fuel combustion and fertilizer application in the United States have substantially altered the nitrogen cycle, with serious effects on climate change. The climate effects can be short-lived, by impacting the chemistry of the atmosphere, or long-lived, by altering ecosystem greenhouse gas fluxes. Here we develop a coherent framework for assessing the climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen emissions, including oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O). We use the global temperature potential (GTP), calculated at 20 and 100 y, in units of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    equivalents (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e), as a common metric. The largest cooling effects are due to combustion sources of oxides of nitrogen altering tropospheric ozone and methane concentrations and enhancing carbon sequestration in forests. The combined cooling effects are estimated at \u2212290 to \u2212510 Tg CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e on a GTP\n                    <jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub>\n                    basis. However, these effects are largely short-lived. On a GTP\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    basis, combustion contributes just \u221216 to \u221295 Tg CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e. Agriculture contributes to warming on both the 20-y and 100-y timescales, primarily through N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions from soils. Under current conditions, these warming and cooling effects partially offset each other. However, recent trends show decreasing emissions from combustion sources. To prevent warming from US reactive nitrogen, reductions in agricultural N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions are needed. Substantial progress toward this goal is possible using current technology. Without such actions, even greater CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emission reductions will be required to avoid dangerous climate change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114243109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:46:44Z","timestamp":1335833204000},"page":"7671-7675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Pinder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27711;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Falmouth, MA 02540;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Goodale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara L.","family":"Greaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27711;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Herrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27711;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010648913655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL029173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2269486"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976988.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis","author":"Forster P","year":"2007","unstructured":"P Forster, et al. 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