{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:06:33Z","timestamp":1793315193207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Lyme disease spirochete\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    exists in nature in an enzootic cycle that involves the arthropod vector\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and mammalian reservoirs. To disseminate within and between these hosts, spirochetes must migrate through complex, polymeric environments such as the basement membrane of the tick midgut and the dermis of the mammal. To date, most research on the motility of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been done in media that do not resemble the tissue milieus that\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    encounter in vivo. Here we show that the motility of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in gelatin matrices in vitro resembles the pathogen's movements in the chronically infected mouse dermis imaged by intravital microscopy. More specifically,\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    motility in mouse dermis and gelatin is heterogeneous, with the bacteria transitioning between at least three different motility states that depend on transient adhesions to the matrix. We also show that\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    is able to penetrate matrices with pore sizes much smaller than the diameter of the bacterium. We find a complex relationship between the swimming behavior of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the rheological properties of the gelatin, which cannot be accounted for by recent theoretical predictions for microorganism swimming in gels. Our results also emphasize the importance of considering borrelial adhesion as a dynamic rather than a static process.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114362109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]],"date-time":"2012-02-07T03:14:58Z","timestamp":1328584498000},"page":"3059-3064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["The heterogeneous motility of the Lyme disease spirochete in gelatin mimics dissemination through tissue"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Harman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Genetics and Developmental Biology, and Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3715;"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-6406;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Star M.","family":"Dunham-Ems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Genetics and Developmental Biology, and Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3715;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Caimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Genetics and Developmental Biology, and Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3715;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia A.","family":"Belperron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8031; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda K.","family":"Bockenstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8031; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89509"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Radolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Genetics and Developmental Biology, and Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3715;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Wolgemuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-6406;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Comprehensive Biomechanics","author":"Wolgemuth CW","year":"2011","unstructured":"CW Wolgemuth, Biomechanics of cell motility. 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