{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:30:52Z","timestamp":1792798252302,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    are maternally transmitted symbiotic bacteria that can spread within insect populations because of their unique ability to manipulate host reproduction. When introduced to nonnative mosquito hosts,\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    induce resistance to a number of human pathogens, including dengue virus (DENV),\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and filarial nematodes, but the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. In this study, we have deciphered how\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection affects the\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    host in inducing resistance to DENV. The microarray assay indicates that transcripts of genes with functions related to immunity and reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions are up-regulated in\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infection with this bacterium leads to induction of oxidative stress and an increased level of reactive oxygen species in its mosquito host. Reactive oxygen species elevation is linked to the activation of the Toll pathway, which is essential in mediating the expression of antioxidants to counterbalance oxidative stress. This immune pathway also is responsible for activation of antimicrobial peptides\u2014defensins and cecropins. We provide evidence that these antimicrobial peptides are involved in inhibition of DENV proliferation in\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected mosquitoes. Utilization of transgenic\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the RNAi depletion approach has been instrumental in proving the role of defensins and cecropins in the resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    to DENV. These results indicate that a symbiotic bacterium can manipulate the host defense system to facilitate its own persistent infection, resulting in a compromise of the mosquito's ability to host human pathogens. Our discoveries will aid in the development of control strategies for mosquito-transmitted diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116932108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]],"date-time":"2011-11-29T21:43:52Z","timestamp":1322603032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":534,"title":["<i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n                    induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the Toll pathway to control dengue virus in the mosquito\n                    <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guowu","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Raikhel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and"},{"name":"Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; 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