{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:15:32Z","timestamp":1793297732640,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Barrett esophagus (BE) is a human metaplastic condition that is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. BE is characterized by a posterior intestinal-like phenotype in an anterior organ and therefore it is reminiscent of homeotic transformations, which can occur in transgenic animal models during embryonic development as a consequence of mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. In humans, acquired deregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes during adulthood has been linked to carcinogenesis; however, little is known about their role in the pathogenesis of premalignant conditions. We hypothesized that\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes may be implicated in the development of BE. We demonstrated that three midcluster\n                    <jats:italic>HOXB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes (\n                    <jats:italic>HOXB5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>HOXB6<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>HOXB7<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are overexpressed in BE, compared with the anatomically adjacent normal esophagus and gastric cardia. The midcluster\n                    <jats:italic>HOXB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene signature in BE is identical to that seen in normal colonic epithelium. Ectopic expression of these three genes in normal squamous esophageal cells in vitro induces markers of intestinal differentiation, such as\n                    <jats:italic>KRT20<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MUC2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>VILLIN<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In BE-associated adenocarcinoma, the activation midcluster\n                    <jats:italic>HOXB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene is associated with loss of H3K27me3 and gain of AcH3, compared with normal esophagus. These changes in histone posttranslational modifications correlate with specific chromatin decompaction at the\n                    <jats:italic>HOXB<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus. We suggest that epigenetically regulated alterations of\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression can trigger changes in the transcriptional program of adult esophageal cells, with implications for the early stages of carcinogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116933109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,18]],"date-time":"2012-05-18T01:20:44Z","timestamp":1337304044000},"page":"9077-9082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Evidence for a functional role of epigenetically regulated midcluster\n                    <i>HOXB<\/i>\n                    genes in the development of Barrett esophagus"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"di Pietro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison Medical Research Council Research Centre, CB2 0XZ Cambridge, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Lao-Sirieix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison Medical Research Council Research Centre, CB2 0XZ Cambridge, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelagh","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research United Kingdom, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, CB2 0RE Cambridge, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Universitat Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Saadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research United Kingdom, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, CB2 0RE Cambridge, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnhild","family":"Eskeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison Medical Research Council Research Centre, CB2 0XZ Cambridge, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm761","article-title":"How cells change their phenotype","volume":"3","author":"Tosh D","year":"2002","unstructured":"D Tosh, JM Slack, How cells change their phenotype. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3, 187\u2013194 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2773","article-title":"Barrett\u2019s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: Time for a new synthesis","volume":"10","author":"Reid BJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"BJ Reid, X Li, PC Galipeau, TL Vaughan, Barrett\u2019s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: Time for a new synthesis. Nat Rev Cancer 10, 87\u2013101 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119018","article-title":"Dynamic effects of acid on Barrett\u2019s esophagus. An ex vivo proliferation and differentiation model","volume":"98","author":"Fitzgerald RC","year":"1996","unstructured":"RC Fitzgerald, MB Omary, G Triadafilopoulos, Dynamic effects of acid on Barrett\u2019s esophagus. An ex vivo proliferation and differentiation model. J Clin Invest 98, 2120\u20132128 (1996).","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0665-2","article-title":"Barrett\u2019s oesophagus: An ideal model to study cancer genetics","volume":"126","author":"di Pietro M","year":"2009","unstructured":"M di Pietro, RC Fitzgerald, Barrett\u2019s oesophagus: An ideal model to study cancer genetics. Hum Genet 126, 233\u2013246 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G211","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90250.2008","article-title":"Acid, bile, and CDX: The ABCs of making Barrett\u2019s metaplasia","volume":"295","author":"Souza RF","year":"2008","unstructured":"RF Souza, K Krishnan, SJ Spechler, Acid, bile, and CDX: The ABCs of making Barrett\u2019s metaplasia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295, G211\u2013G218 (2008).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.3.7.913","article-title":"The role of Cdx proteins in intestinal development and cancer","volume":"3","author":"Guo RJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"RJ Guo, ER Suh, JP Lynch, The role of Cdx proteins in intestinal development and cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 3, 593\u2013601 (2004).","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.31902","article-title":"Cdx2 ectopic expression induces gastric intestinal metaplasia in transgenic mice","volume":"122","author":"Silberg DG","year":"2002","unstructured":"DG Silberg, et al., Cdx2 ectopic expression induces gastric intestinal metaplasia in transgenic mice. Gastroenterology 122, 689\u2013696 (2002).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.032482","article-title":"Cdx1 induced intestinal metaplasia in the transgenic mouse stomach: Comparative study with Cdx2 transgenic mice","volume":"53","author":"Mutoh H","year":"2004","unstructured":"H Mutoh, et al., Cdx1 induced intestinal metaplasia in the transgenic mouse stomach: Comparative study with Cdx2 transgenic mice. Gut 53, 1416\u20131423 (2004).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.02.010","article-title":"Establishment of intestinal identity and epithelial-mesenchymal signaling by Cdx2","volume":"16","author":"Gao N","year":"2009","unstructured":"N Gao, P White, KH Kaestner, Establishment of intestinal identity and epithelial-mesenchymal signaling by Cdx2. Dev Cell 16, 588\u2013599 (2009).","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1726","article-title":"Modulating Hox gene functions during animal body patterning","volume":"6","author":"Pearson JC","year":"2005","unstructured":"JC Pearson, D Lemons, W McGinnis, Modulating Hox gene functions during animal body patterning. Nat Rev Genet 6, 893\u2013904 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.11.004","article-title":"Hox genes: A continuation of embryonic patterning?","volume":"22","author":"Morgan R","year":"2006","unstructured":"R Morgan, Hox genes: A continuation of embryonic patterning? Trends Genet 22, 67\u201369 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90471-N","article-title":"Homeobox genes and axial patterning","volume":"68","author":"McGinnis W","year":"1992","unstructured":"W McGinnis, R Krumlauf, Homeobox genes and axial patterning. Cell 68, 283\u2013302 (1992).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.043","article-title":"Control of developmental regulators by Polycomb in human embryonic stem cells","volume":"125","author":"Lee TI","year":"2006","unstructured":"TI Lee, et al., Control of developmental regulators by Polycomb in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 125, 301\u2013313 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171468","article-title":"Epigenetic temporal control of mouse Hox genes in vivo","volume":"324","author":"Soshnikova N","year":"2009","unstructured":"N Soshnikova, D Duboule, Epigenetic temporal control of mouse Hox genes in vivo. Science 324, 1320\u20131323 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04733","article-title":"Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells","volume":"441","author":"Boyer LA","year":"2006","unstructured":"LA Boyer, et al., Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. Nature 441, 349\u2013353 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.8.4629","article-title":"Disruption of higher-order folding by core histone acetylation dramatically enhances transcription of nucleosomal arrays by RNA polymerase III","volume":"18","author":"Tse C","year":"1998","unstructured":"C Tse, T Sera, AP Wolffe, JC Hansen, Disruption of higher-order folding by core histone acetylation dramatically enhances transcription of nucleosomal arrays by RNA polymerase III. Mol Cell Biol 18, 4629\u20134638 (1998).","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2826","article-title":"The Hox genes and their roles in oncogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Shah N","year":"2010","unstructured":"N Shah, S Sukumar, The Hox genes and their roles in oncogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 10, 361\u2013371 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a000794","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000794","article-title":"Higher-order genome organization in human disease","volume":"2","author":"Misteli T","year":"2010","unstructured":"T Misteli, Higher-order genome organization in human disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2, a000794 (2010).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909797107","article-title":"Stromal genes discriminate preinvasive from invasive disease, predict outcome, and highlight inflammatory pathways in digestive cancers","volume":"107","author":"Saadi A","year":"2010","unstructured":"A Saadi, et al., Stromal genes discriminate preinvasive from invasive disease, predict outcome, and highlight inflammatory pathways in digestive cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107, 2177\u20132182 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31819f57e9","article-title":"Intestinal differentiation in metaplastic, nongoblet columnar epithelium in the esophagus","volume":"33","author":"Hahn HP","year":"2009","unstructured":"HP Hahn, et al., Intestinal differentiation in metaplastic, nongoblet columnar epithelium in the esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol 33, 1006\u20131015 (2009).","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.2003.00004.x","article-title":"Position-specific expression of Hox genes along the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"44","author":"Yahagi N","year":"2004","unstructured":"N Yahagi, et al., Position-specific expression of Hox genes along the gastrointestinal tract. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 44, 18\u201326 (2004).","journal-title":"Congenit Anom (Kyoto)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-169x.2002.00623.x","article-title":"Region-specific gastrointestinal Hox code during murine embryonal gut development","volume":"44","author":"Kawazoe Y","year":"2002","unstructured":"Y Kawazoe, et al., Region-specific gastrointestinal Hox code during murine embryonal gut development. Dev Growth Differ 44, 77\u201384 (2002).","journal-title":"Dev Growth Differ"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.3.327","article-title":"Characterisation of telomerase immortalised normal human oesophageal squamous cells","volume":"52","author":"Morales CP","year":"2003","unstructured":"CP Morales, et al., Characterisation of telomerase immortalised normal human oesophageal squamous cells. Gut 52, 327\u2013333 (2003).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl176","article-title":"Regulation of Cdx2 expression by promoter methylation, and effects of Cdx2 transfection on morphology and gene expression of human esophageal epithelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Liu T","year":"2007","unstructured":"T Liu, et al., Regulation of Cdx2 expression by promoter methylation, and effects of Cdx2 transfection on morphology and gene expression of human esophageal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 28, 488\u2013496 (2007).","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"7340","article-title":"A homeodomain protein related to caudal regulates intestine-specific gene transcription","volume":"14","author":"Suh E","year":"1994","unstructured":"E Suh, L Chen, J Taylor, PG Traber, A homeodomain protein related to caudal regulates intestine-specific gene transcription. Mol Cell Biol 14, 7340\u20137351 (1994).","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004687","article-title":"Genome-wide profiling of histone h3 lysine 4 and lysine 27 trimethylation reveals an epigenetic signature in prostate carcinogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Ke XS","year":"2009","unstructured":"XS Ke, et al., Genome-wide profiling of histone h3 lysine 4 and lysine 27 trimethylation reveals an epigenetic signature in prostate carcinogenesis. PLoS ONE 4, e4687 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02689","article-title":"Histone acetylation increases chromatin accessibility","volume":"118","author":"G\u00f6risch SM","year":"2005","unstructured":"SM G\u00f6risch, M Wachsmuth, KF T\u00f3th, P Lichter, K Rippe, Histone acetylation increases chromatin accessibility. J Cell Sci 118, 5825\u20135834 (2005).","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.292104","article-title":"Chromatin decondensation and nuclear reorganization of the HoxB locus upon induction of transcription","volume":"18","author":"Chambeyron S","year":"2004","unstructured":"S Chambeyron, WA Bickmore, Chromatin decondensation and nuclear reorganization of the HoxB locus upon induction of transcription. Genes Dev 18, 1119\u20131130 (2004).","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.02.032","article-title":"Ring1B compacts chromatin structure and represses gene expression independent of histone ubiquitination","volume":"38","author":"Eskeland R","year":"2010","unstructured":"R Eskeland, et al., Ring1B compacts chromatin structure and represses gene expression independent of histone ubiquitination. Mol Cell 38, 452\u2013464 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1388286","article-title":"Estimating genomic distance from DNA sequence location in cell nuclei by a random walk model","volume":"257","author":"van den Engh G","year":"1992","unstructured":"G van den Engh, R Sachs, BJ Trask, Estimating genomic distance from DNA sequence location in cell nuclei by a random walk model. Science 257, 1410\u20131412 (1992).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/337464a0","article-title":"Transgenic mice overexpressing the mouse homoeobox-containing gene Hox-1.4 exhibit abnormal gut development","volume":"337","author":"Wolgemuth DJ","year":"1989","unstructured":"DJ Wolgemuth, RR Behringer, MP Mostoller, RL Brinster, RD Palmiter, Transgenic mice overexpressing the mouse homoeobox-containing gene Hox-1.4 exhibit abnormal gut development. Nature 337, 464\u2013467 (1989).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0159","article-title":"Targeted disruption of hoxc-4 causes esophageal defects and vertebral transformations","volume":"177","author":"Boulet AM","year":"1996","unstructured":"AM Boulet, MR Capecchi, Targeted disruption of hoxc-4 causes esophageal defects and vertebral transformations. Dev Biol 177, 232\u2013249 (1996).","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80146-3","article-title":"Homeobox genes and disease","volume":"7","author":"Boncinelli E","year":"1997","unstructured":"E Boncinelli, Homeobox genes and disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 7, 331\u2013337 (1997).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.9.703","article-title":"Detection of sulfated glycoproteins in intestinal metaplasia: A comparison of traditional mucin staining with immunohistochemistry for the sulfo-Lewis(a) carbohydrate epitope","volume":"56","author":"Bodger K","year":"2003","unstructured":"K Bodger, F Campbell, JM Rhodes, Detection of sulfated glycoproteins in intestinal metaplasia: A comparison of traditional mucin staining with immunohistochemistry for the sulfo-Lewis(a) carbohydrate epitope. J Clin Pathol 56, 703\u2013708 (2003).","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.083600","article-title":"New British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Barrett\u2019s oesophagus","volume":"55","author":"Playford RJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"RJ Playford, New British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Barrett\u2019s oesophagus. Gut 55, 442 (2006).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.16482","article-title":"Cytokeratin immunoreactivity patterns in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"119","author":"Ormsby AH","year":"2000","unstructured":"AH Ormsby, et al., Cytokeratin immunoreactivity patterns in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett\u2019s esophagus. Gastroenterology 119, 683\u2013690 (2000).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1999.00791.x","article-title":"Expression of MUC1 and MUC2 mucin gene products in Barrett\u2019s metaplasia, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma: an immunopathological study with clinical correlation","volume":"35","author":"Chinyama CN","year":"1999","unstructured":"CN Chinyama, et al., Expression of MUC1 and MUC2 mucin gene products in Barrett\u2019s metaplasia, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma: an immunopathological study with clinical correlation. Histopathology 35, 517\u2013524 (1999).","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2744(199807)22:3<182::AID-MC6>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Abundant expression of the intestinal protein villin in Barrett\u2019s metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinomas","volume":"22","author":"Regalado SP","year":"1998","unstructured":"SP Regalado, Y Nambu, MD Iannettoni, MB Orringer, DG Beer, Abundant expression of the intestinal protein villin in Barrett\u2019s metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinomas. Mol Carcinog 22, 182\u2013189 (1998).","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.026","article-title":"Residual embryonic cells as precursors of a Barrett\u2019s-like metaplasia","volume":"145","author":"Wang X","year":"2011","unstructured":"X Wang, et al., Residual embryonic cells as precursors of a Barrett\u2019s-like metaplasia. Cell 145, 1023\u20131035 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.1044.11.3","article-title":"Expression of 11 HOX genes is deregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Chen KN","year":"2005","unstructured":"KN Chen, et al., Expression of 11 HOX genes is deregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 11, 1044\u20131049 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2763","article-title":"Mechanisms of polycomb gene silencing: Knowns and unknowns","volume":"10","author":"Simon JA","year":"2009","unstructured":"JA Simon, RE Kingston, Mechanisms of polycomb gene silencing: Knowns and unknowns. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10, 697\u2013708 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","first-page":"711","article-title":"Polycomb group protein gene silencing, non-coding RNA, stem cells, and cancer","volume":"87","author":"Gieni RS","year":"2009","unstructured":"RS Gieni, MJ Hendzel, Polycomb group protein gene silencing, non-coding RNA, stem cells, and cancer. Biochem Cell Biol 87, 711\u2013746 (2009).","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.041","article-title":"A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells","volume":"125","author":"Bernstein BE","year":"2006","unstructured":"BE Bernstein, et al., A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. Cell 125, 315\u2013326 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06008","article-title":"Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells","volume":"448","author":"Mikkelsen TS","year":"2007","unstructured":"TS Mikkelsen, et al., Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature 448, 553\u2013560 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01293","article-title":"Trichostatin A-induced histone acetylation causes decondensation of interphase chromatin","volume":"117","author":"T\u00f3th KF","year":"2004","unstructured":"KF T\u00f3th, et al., Trichostatin A-induced histone acetylation causes decondensation of interphase chromatin. J Cell Sci 117, 4277\u20134287 (2004).","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100576","article-title":"Chromatin compaction by a polycomb group protein complex","volume":"306","author":"Francis NJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"NJ Francis, RE Kingston, CL Woodcock, Chromatin compaction by a polycomb group protein complex. Science 306, 1574\u20131577 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.082800.108","article-title":"Global analysis of the insulator binding protein CTCF in chromatin barrier regions reveals demarcation of active and repressive domains","volume":"19","author":"Cuddapah S","year":"2009","unstructured":"S Cuddapah, et al., Global analysis of the insulator binding protein CTCF in chromatin barrier regions reveals demarcation of active and repressive domains. Genome Res 19, 24\u201332 (2009).","journal-title":"Genome Res"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1116933109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T16:28:43Z","timestamp":1687451323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1116933109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1116933109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1116933109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-05-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}