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However, little is known about psychological as well as neurobiological mechanisms of this observation. We combined a molecular imaging technique, an economics game, and a personality inventory to elucidate the neurobiological mechanism of heterogeneous reactions to unfairness. Contrary to the common belief that aggressive personalities (impulsivity or hostility) are related to the high rejection rate of unfair offers in UG, we found that individuals with apparently peaceful personalities (straightforwardness and trust) rejected more often and were engaged in personally costly forms of retaliation. Furthermore, individuals with a low level of serotonin transporters in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are honest and trustful, and thus cannot tolerate unfairness, being candid in expressing their frustrations. In other words, higher central serotonin transmission might allow us to behave adroitly and opportunistically, being good at playing games while pursuing self-interest. We provide unique neurobiological evidence to account for individual differences of reaction to unfairness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118687109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T00:25:32Z","timestamp":1330388732000},"page":"4281-4284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Honesty mediates the relationship between serotonin and reaction to unfairness"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Hidehiko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;"},{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;"},{"name":"Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan;"},{"name":"Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harumasa","family":"Takano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin F.","family":"Camerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ideno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigetaka","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Tamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumitoshi","family":"Kodaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiya","family":"Murai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; 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