{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:39:48Z","timestamp":1791398388529,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infections with HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus can turn into chronic infections, which currently affect more than 500 million patients worldwide. It is generally thought that virus-mediated T-cell exhaustion limits T-cell function, thus promoting chronic disease. Here we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells have a negative impact on the development of T-cell immunity by using the murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. NK cell-deficient (Nfil3\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , E4BP4\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) mice exhibited a higher virus-specific T-cell response. In addition, NK cell depletion caused enhanced T-cell immunity in WT mice, which led to rapid virus control and prevented chronic infection in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13- and reduced viral load in DOCILE-infected animals. Further experiments showed that NKG2D triggered regulatory NK cell functions, which were mediated by perforin, and limited T-cell responses. Therefore, we identified an important role of regulatory NK cells in limiting T-cell immunity during virus infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118834109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,13]],"date-time":"2011-12-13T23:58:36Z","timestamp":1323820716000},"page":"1210-1215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":289,"title":["Natural killer cell activation enhances immune pathology and promotes chronic infection by limiting CD8\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T-cell immunity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Philipp A.","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C1;"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, University of D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl S.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, University of D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany;"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng C.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C1;"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Grusdat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, 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