{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T14:25:17Z","timestamp":1791123917444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"28","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    lines differ in their ability to infect mosquitoes. The\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    L3-5 refractory (R) line melanizes most\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, including the Brazilian\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    7G8 line, but it is highly susceptible to some African\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains such as 3D7, NF54, and GB4. We investigated whether these lines differ in their ability to evade the mosquito immune system. Silencing key components of the mosquito complement-like system [thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1), leucine-rich repeat protein 1, and\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    -responsive leucine-rich repeat protein 1] prevented melanization of 7G8 parasites, reverting the refractory phenotype. In contrast, it had no effect on the intensity of infection with NF54, suggesting that this line is able to evade TEP1-mediated lysis. When R females were coinfected with a line that is melanized (7G8) and a line that survives (3D7), the coinfection resulted in mixed infections with both live and encapsulated parasites on individual midguts. This finding shows that survival of individual parasites is parasite-specific and not systemic in nature, because parasites can evade TEP1-mediated lysis even when other parasites are melanized in the same midgut. When females from an extensive genetic cross between R and susceptible\n                    <jats:italic>A. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (G3) mosquitoes were infected with\n                    <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , encapsulation was strongly correlated with the\n                    <jats:italic>TEP1-R1<\/jats:italic>\n                    allele. However,\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    7G8 parasites were no longer encapsulated by females from this cross, indicating that the\n                    <jats:italic>TEP1-R1<\/jats:italic>\n                    allele is not sufficient to melanize this line. Evasion of the\n                    <jats:italic>A. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    immune system by\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    may be the result of parasite adaptation to sympatric mosquito vectors and may be an important factor driving malaria transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121183109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]],"date-time":"2012-05-24T00:21:41Z","timestamp":1337818901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Some strains of\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    , a human malaria parasite, evade the complement-like system of\n                    <i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i>\n                    mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Molina-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall J.","family":"DeJong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrie","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekua","family":"Abban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneth","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Jaramillo-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Barillas-Mury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_9_1_2","volume-title":"World Malaria Report","author":"World Health Organization W","year":"2010","unstructured":"; 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