{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:02:03Z","timestamp":1791115323667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cognitive deficits in older adults attributable to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology are featured early on by hippocampal impairment. Among these individuals, deterioration in spatial navigation, manifested by poor hippocampus-dependent allocentric navigation, may occur well before the clinical onset of dementia. Our aim was to determine whether allocentric spatial navigation impairment would be proportional to right hippocampal volume loss irrespective of general brain atrophy. We also contrasted the respective spatial navigation scores of the real-space human Morris water maze with its corresponding 2D computer version. We included 42 cognitively impaired patients with either amnestic mild cognitive impairment (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 23) or mild and moderate AD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 19), and 14 cognitively intact older controls. All participants underwent 1.5T MRI brain scanning with subsequent automatic measurement of the total brain and hippocampal (right and left) volumes. Allocentric spatial navigation was tested in the real-space version of the human Morris water maze and in its corresponding computer version. Participants used two navigational cues to locate an invisible goal independent of the start position. We found that smaller right hippocampal volume was associated with poorer navigation performance in both the real-space (\u03b2 = \u22120.62,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) and virtual (\u03b2 = \u22120.43,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.026) versions, controlling for demographic variables, total brain and left hippocampal volumes. In subsequent analyses, the results were significant in cognitively impaired (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.05) but not in cognitively healthy (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; 0.59) subjects. The respective real-space and virtual scores strongly correlated with each other. Our findings indicate that the right hippocampus plays a critical role in allocentric navigation, particularly when cognitive impairment is present.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121588109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T01:24:54Z","timestamp":1327973094000},"page":"2590-2594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Spatial navigation impairment is proportional to right hippocampal volume"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Nedelska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Andel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"School of Aging Studies, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lacz\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Vlcek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Horinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t, 35033 Marburg, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiri","family":"Lisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Sheardova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Bure\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Hort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610298005365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611314104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map","author":"O'Keefe J","year":"1978","unstructured":"J O'Keefe, L Nadel The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (Oxford Univ Press, New York, 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5365.921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2001.4008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90358-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2476"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271376.19515.c6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2006.17.1-2.239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Sociological Methodology","author":"Sobel ME","year":"1982","unstructured":"ME Sobel Sociological Methodology, ed S Leinhardt (Am Soc Assoc, Washington, DC), pp. 290\u2013312 (1982)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/297681a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(81)90020-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"The Hippocampal and Parietal Foundations of Spatial Cognition","author":"Burgess N","year":"1999","unstructured":"N Burgess, KJ Jeffery, J O'Keefe The Hippocampal and Parietal Foundations of Spatial Cognition (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00399-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment","volume":"10","author":"Petersen RC","year":"2004","unstructured":"RC Petersen, Mild cognitive impairment. 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