{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:15:43Z","timestamp":1793164543474,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Development of insecticide resistance has been a serious concern worldwide, whose mechanisms have been attributed to evolutionary changes in pest insect genomes such as alteration of drug target sites, up-regulation of degrading enzymes, and enhancement of drug excretion. Here, we report a previously unknown mechanism of insecticide resistance: Infection with an insecticide-degrading bacterial symbiont immediately establishes insecticide resistance in pest insects. The bean bug\n                    <jats:italic>Riptortus pedestris<\/jats:italic>\n                    and allied stinkbugs harbor mutualistic gut symbiotic bacteria of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which are acquired by nymphal insects from environmental soil every generation. In agricultural fields, fenitrothion-degrading\n                    <jats:italic>Burkolderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains are present at very low densities. We demonstrated that the fenitrothion-degrading\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains establish a specific and beneficial symbiosis with the stinkbugs and confer a resistance of the host insects against fenitrothion. Experimental applications of fenitrothion to field soils drastically enriched fenitrothion-degrading bacteria from undetectable levels to &gt;80% of total culturable bacterial counts in the field soils, and &gt;90% of stinkbugs reared with the enriched soil established symbiosis with fenitrothion-degrading\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In a Japanese island where fenitrothion has been constantly applied to sugarcane fields, we identified a stinkbug population wherein the insects live on sugarcane and \u22488% of them host fenitrothion-degrading\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our finding suggests the possibility that the symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance may develop even in the absence of pest insects, quickly establish within a single insect generation, and potentially move around horizontally between different pest insects and other organisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200231109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,24]],"date-time":"2012-04-24T01:30:51Z","timestamp":1335231051000},"page":"8618-8622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":817,"title":["Symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Yoshitomo","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproduction Research Institute, Hokkaido Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan;"},{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahito","family":"Hayatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biofunction Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Nagayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman 901-0336, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Tago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biofunction Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takema","family":"Fukatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.32.010187.002045","article-title":"Ecological genetics of insecticide and acaricide resistance","volume":"32","author":"Roush RT","year":"1987","unstructured":"RT Roush, JA McKenzie, Ecological genetics of insecticide and acaricide resistance. 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