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Electrodes with the metal surface flush with glass insulator, most suitable for quantitative voltammetric experiments, were fabricated by electrodeposition of Pt black inside an etched nanocavity under the atomic force microscope control. Despite a nanometer-scale radius, the true surface area of Pt electrodes was sufficiently large to yield stable and reproducible responses to ROS and RNS in vitro. The prepared nanoprobes were used to penetrate cells and detect ROS and RNS inside macrophages. Weak and very short leaks of ROS\/RNS from the vacuoles into the cytoplasm were detected, which a macrophage is equipped to clean within a couple of seconds, while higher intensity oxidative bursts due to the emptying of vacuoles outside persist on the time scale of tens of seconds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201552109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,21]],"date-time":"2012-05-21T23:03:58Z","timestamp":1337641438000},"page":"11534-11539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":228,"title":["Nanoelectrodes for determination of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species inside murine macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Yixian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College\u2013City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College\u2013City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367; 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