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Classic columns are defined by a repeating pattern of two or more types of cortex distinguished by having different inputs and neurons with different response properties. Sensory stimuli that continuously vary along a stimulus dimension may activate groups of neurons that vary continuously in location, producing \u201ccolumns\u201d without specific boundaries. Other groups or columns of cortical neurons are separated by narrow septa of fibers that reflect discontinuities in the receptor sheet. Larger regions of posterior parietal cortex and frontal motor cortex are parts of networks devoted to producing different sequences of movements. We distinguish these larger functionally distinct regions as domains. Columns of several types have evolved independently a number of times. Some of the columns found in primates likely emerged with the first primates, whereas others likely were present in earlier ancestors. The sizes and shapes of columns seem to depend on the balance of neuron activation patterns and molecular signals during development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201892109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T09:07:28Z","timestamp":1340269648000},"page":"10655-10660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Evolution of columns, modules, and domains in the neocortex of primates"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Jon H.","family":"Kaas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7817"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-370878-8\/00057-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrhinde","author":"Brodmann K","year":"1909","unstructured":"K Brodmann Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrhinde (Barth, Leipzig, 1909)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1027","volume-title":"Fundamental Neuroscience","author":"Kaas JH","year":"2008","unstructured":"JH Kaas, TM Preuss, Human brain evolution. 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