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Episodic bursts of positive selection were detected in several viral proteins, including regions associated with host cell interaction and viral replication. Host shifts involved unique sets of substitutions, and few sites exhibited repeated evolution across adaptation to many bat species, suggesting diverse genetic determinants over host range. Combining these results with genetic reconstructions of the demographic histories of individual viral lineages revealed that although rabies viruses shared consistent three-stage processes of emergence in each new bat species, host shifts involving greater numbers of positively selected substitutions had longer delays between cross-species transmission and enzootic viral establishment. Our results point to multiple evolutionary routes to host establishment in a zoonotic RNA virus that may influence the speed of viral emergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203456109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,13]],"date-time":"2012-11-13T13:32:23Z","timestamp":1352813543000},"page":"19715-19720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Variable evolutionary routes to host establishment across repeated rabies virus host shifts among bats"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Streicker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; and"},{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Altizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Velasco-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife\u2014threats to biodiversity and human health","volume":"287","author":"Daszak P","year":"2000","unstructured":"P Daszak, AA Cunningham, AD Hyatt, Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife\u2014threats to biodiversity and human health. 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