{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:21:26Z","timestamp":1787696486759,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A single session of exposure therapy can eliminate recalcitrant and disabling fear of phobogenic objects or situations. We studied neural mechanisms of this remarkable outcome by monitoring changes in brain activity as a result of successful 2-h treatment. Before treatment, phobogenic images excited activity in a network of regions, including amygdala, insula, and cingulate cortex, relative to neutral images. Successful therapy dampened responsiveness in this fear-sensitive network while concomitantly heightening prefrontal involvement. Six months later, dampened fear-network activity persisted but without prefrontal engagement. Additionally, individual differences in the magnitude of visual cortex activations recorded shortly after therapy predicted therapeutic outcomes 6 mo later, which involved persistently diminished visual responsiveness to phobogenic images. Successful therapy thus entailed stable reorganization of neural responses to initially feared stimuli. These effects were linked to fear-extinction mechanisms identified in animal models, thus opening new opportunities for the treatment and prevention of debilitating anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205242109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]],"date-time":"2012-05-24T00:21:41Z","timestamp":1337818901000},"page":"9203-9208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Exposure therapy triggers lasting reorganization of neural fear processing"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Katherina K.","family":"Hauner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology,"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Mineka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Social Sciences, and"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken A.","family":"Paller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"; American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychological Association, 4th ed. text rev, Washington, DC, 2000).","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00176-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80385-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Fear and Learning: Basic Science to Clinical Application","author":"Craske MG","year":"2006","unstructured":"MG Craske, JL Mystkowski, Exposure therapy and extinction: Clinical studies. Fear and Learning: Basic Science to Clinical Application, eds MG Craske, D Hermans, D Vansteenwegen (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025048802629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5451.248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90091-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"The Emotional Brain","author":"LeDoux JE","year":"1996","unstructured":"JE LeDoux The Emotional Brain (Weidenfeld Nicolson, London, 1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.4.599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(93)90012-Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(74)80008-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902760807212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.5.4.373"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00030-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0754-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition. (SCID-I\/NP)","author":"First MB","year":"2002","unstructured":"MB First, RL Spitzer, M Gibbon, JBW Williams Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition. (SCID-I\/NP) (Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"The Practice of Behavior Therapy","author":"Wolpe J","year":"1973","unstructured":"J Wolpe The Practice of Behavior Therapy (Pergamon Press, New York, 1973)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.10018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20608"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210927109","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,16]],"date-time":"2012-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342396800000}}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1205242109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T20:39:30Z","timestamp":1649795970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1205242109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1205242109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1205242109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-05-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}