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We apply this framework to the spread of the West Nile virus across North America, an important recent instance of spatial invasion by an emerging infectious disease. We demonstrate that the dispersal of West Nile virus is greater and far more variable than previously measured, such that its dissemination was critically determined by rare, long-range movements that are unlikely to be discerned during field observations. Our results indicate that, by ignoring this heterogeneity, previous models of the epidemic have substantially overestimated its basic reproductive number. More generally, our approach demonstrates that easily obtainable genetic data can be used to measure the spatial dynamics of natural populations that are otherwise difficult or costly to quantify.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206598109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T23:18:09Z","timestamp":1346109489000},"page":"15066-15071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":291,"title":["Unifying the spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of emerging epidemics"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Oliver G.","family":"Pybus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Suchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of bBiomathematics,"},{"name":"Biostatistics, and"},{"name":"Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Lemey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavien J.","family":"Bernardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Rambaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2220;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forrest W.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of bBiomathematics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca R.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimalan","family":"Arinaminpathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Stramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Support Office, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD 20877"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric L.","family":"Delwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"321","article-title":"The cholera near Golden Square and at Deptford","volume":"9","author":"Snow J","year":"1854","unstructured":"J Snow, The cholera near Golden Square and at Deptford. 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