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Until recently, relatively little has been known about the functions of spontaneous release. In this paper, we report that spontaneous release is critical for the induction of a learning-related form of synaptic plasticity, long-term facilitation in\n                    <jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In addition, we have found that this signaling is engaged quite early, during an intermediate-term stage that is the first stage to involve postsynaptic as well as presynaptic molecular mechanisms. In a companion paper, we show that spontaneous release from the presynaptic neuron acts as an orthograde signal to recruit the postsynaptic mechanisms of intermediate-term facilitation and initiates a cascade that can culminate in synaptic growth with additional stimulation during long-term facilitation. Spontaneous release could make a similar contribution to learning-related synaptic plasticity in mammals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206914109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T00:50:18Z","timestamp":1337734218000},"page":"9131-9136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Spontaneous transmitter release is critical for the induction of long-term and intermediate-term facilitation in\n                    <i>Aplysia<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Iksung","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathya","family":"Puthanveettil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Udo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Karl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032;"},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, NY 10032; and"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004735","article-title":"Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings","volume":"117","author":"Fatt P","year":"1952","unstructured":"P Fatt, B Katz, Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings. 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