{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:26:23Z","timestamp":1791221183525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"29","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The millions of deaths from cholera during the past 200 y, coupled with the morbidity and mortality of cholera in Haiti since October 2010, are grim reminders that\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the etiologic agent of cholera, remains a scourge. We report the isolation of both\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    O1 and non-O1\/O139 early in the Haiti cholera epidemic from samples collected from victims in 18 towns across eight Arrondissements of Haiti. The results showed two distinct populations of\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    coexisted in Haiti early in the epidemic. As non-O1\/O139\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the sole pathogen isolated from 21% of the clinical specimens, its role in this epidemic, either alone or in concert with\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    O1, cannot be dismissed. A genomic approach was used to examine similarities and differences among the Haitian\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    O1 and\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    non-O1\/O139 strains. A total of 47\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    O1 and 29\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    non-O1\/O139 isolates from patients and the environment were sequenced. Comparative genome analyses of the 76 genomes and eight reference strains of\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated in concurrent epidemics outside Haiti and 27\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomes available in the public database demonstrated substantial diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and ongoing flux within its genome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207359109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,18]],"date-time":"2012-06-18T23:15:14Z","timestamp":1340061314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Genomic diversity of 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak strains"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Nur A.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"},{"name":"CosmosID Inc., College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"},{"name":"CosmosID Inc., College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Eppinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip W.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munirul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradd J.","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Taviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Hine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke J.","family":"Tallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Prosper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Angel Missions Haiti, Salem, VA 24153;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keziah","family":"Furth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Angel Missions Haiti, Salem, VA 24153;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Hoq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CosmosID Inc., College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire M.","family":"Fraser-Liggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cravioto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Huq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, College Park, MD 20742;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Cebula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CosmosID Inc., College Park, MD 20742;"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita R.","family":"Colwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"},{"name":"CosmosID Inc., College Park, MD 20742;"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; and"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5295.2025"},{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907787106"},{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00040-10"},{"key":"e_1_1_2_17_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.1.114-118.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5295.2025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"S Rottmann Haiti cholera outbreak causes not clear experts say. BBC News Available at http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-latin-america-11618352. (October 25 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Laboratory Test Results of Cholera Outbreak Strain in Haiti Announced","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","unstructured":"; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Laboratory Test Results of Cholera Outbreak Strain in Haiti Announced (CDC, Atlanta, 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0684b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"; United Nations Final Report of the Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti May 4 2011 Available at http:\/\/www.un.org\/News\/dh\/infocus\/haiti\/UN-cholera-report-final.pdf. Accessed March 2012. 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