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Specifically, two groups of rats were trained to associate odor cues with the availability of i.v. cocaine or oral sucrose, respectively. After 20 d of cocaine or sucrose SA followed by prolonged (30 d) forced abstinence, animals were presented with odor cues previously associated with or without (S+\/S\u2212) reinforcer (cocaine\/sucrose) availability while undergoing functional MRI scans. ANOVA results demonstrate that a learning effect distinguishing S+ from S\u2212 was seen in the insula and nucleus accumbens, with the insula response reflecting the individual history of cocaine SA intake. A main effect of group, distinguishing cocaine from sucrose, was seen in the medial prefrontal cortex (infralimbic, prelimbic, and cingulate cortex) and dorsolateral striatum. Critically, only the dorsomedial striatum demonstrated a double dissociation between the two SA groups and learning (S+ vs. S\u2212). These findings demonstrate altered cortico-limbic-striatal reward-related processing to learned, environment reward-associated contextual odor cues, which may serve as potential biomarkers for therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207531110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T01:56:59Z","timestamp":1361325419000},"page":"4093-4098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Dorsolateral caudate nucleus differentiates cocaine from natural reward-associated contextual cues"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Hua-Shan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;"},{"name":"Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Chefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;"},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fredrick, MD 21072;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Guillem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Maladies Neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France;"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kurup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Peoples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliot A.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230601036960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Childress AR et al. 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