{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:53:28Z","timestamp":1791039208640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"29","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The role of the circadian clock in skin and the identity of genes participating in its chronobiology remain largely unknown, leading us to define the circadian transcriptome of mouse skin at two different stages of the hair cycle, telogen and anagen. The circadian transcriptomes of telogen and anagen skin are largely distinct, with the former dominated by genes involved in cell proliferation and metabolism. The expression of many metabolic genes is antiphasic to cell cycle-related genes, the former peaking during the day and the latter at night. Consistently, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation, and S-phase are antiphasic to each other in telogen skin. Furthermore, the circadian variation in S-phase is controlled by BMAL1 intrinsic to keratinocytes, because keratinocyte-specific deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>Bmal1<\/jats:italic>\n                    obliterates time-of-day\u2013dependent synchronicity of cell division in the epidermis leading to a constitutively elevated cell proliferation. In agreement with higher cellular susceptibility to UV-induced DNA damage during S-phase, we found that mice are most sensitive to UVB-induced DNA damage in the epidermis at night. Because in the human epidermis maximum numbers of keratinocytes go through S-phase in the late afternoon, we speculate that in humans the circadian clock imposes regulation of epidermal cell proliferation so that skin is at a particularly vulnerable stage during times of maximum UV exposure, thus contributing to the high incidence of human skin cancers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209592109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]],"date-time":"2012-07-02T22:45:15Z","timestamp":1341269115000},"page":"11758-11763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":238,"title":["Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) controls circadian cell proliferation and susceptibility to UVB-induced DNA damage in the epidermis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Geyfman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological Chemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolando","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological Chemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological Chemistry,"},{"name":"Center for Complex Biological Systems, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Espitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological Chemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Cam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological Chemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padhraic","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, and"},{"name":"Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Ihler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogi","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological Chemistry,"},{"name":"Medicine,"},{"name":"Center for Complex Biological Systems, and"},{"name":"Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387690-4.00006-4","article-title":"Genetics of circadian rhythms in Mammalian model organisms","volume":"74","author":"Lowrey PL","year":"2011","unstructured":"PL Lowrey, JS Takahashi, Genetics of circadian rhythms in Mammalian model organisms. 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