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Wine grape production provides a good test case for measuring indirect impacts mediated by changes in agriculture, because viticulture is sensitive to climate and is concentrated in Mediterranean climate regions that are global biodiversity hotspots. Here we demonstrate that, on a global scale, the impacts of climate change on viticultural suitability are substantial, leading to possible conservation conflicts in land use and freshwater ecosystems. Area suitable for viticulture decreases 25% to 73% in major wine producing regions by 2050 in the higher RCP 8.5 concentration pathway and 19% to 62% in the lower RCP 4.5. Climate change may cause establishment of vineyards at higher elevations that will increase impacts on upland ecosystems and may lead to conversion of natural vegetation as production shifts to higher latitudes in areas such as western North America. Attempts to maintain wine grape productivity and quality in the face of warming may be associated with increased water use for irrigation and to cool grapes through misting or sprinkling, creating potential for freshwater conservation impacts. Agricultural adaptation and conservation efforts are needed that anticipate these multiple possible indirect effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210127110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]],"date-time":"2013-04-08T21:18:31Z","timestamp":1365455911000},"page":"6907-6912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":708,"title":["Climate change, wine, and conservation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Lee","family":"Hannah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Ecosystem Science and Economics, Conservation International, Arlington VA 22202;"},{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Roehrdanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makihiko","family":"Ikegami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson V.","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Rebecca","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco CA 94105;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Tabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Large Landscape Conservation, Bozeman, MT 59771;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nature and Society, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo A.","family":"Marquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile;"},{"name":"Santa Fe Insitute, Santa Fe, NM 87501;"},{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda y Biodiversidad, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile;"},{"name":"Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Hijmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"The effects of climatic variability and change on grape suitability in Europe","author":"Kenny GH","year":"1993","unstructured":"GH Kenny, PA Harrison, The effects of climatic variability and change on grape suitability in Europe. 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