{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1791284474688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tree ring\u2013based temperature reconstructions form the scientific backbone of the current global change debate. Although some European records extend into medieval times, high-resolution, long-term, regional-scale paleoclimatic evidence is missing for the eastern part of the continent. Here we compile 545 samples of living trees and historical timbers from the greater Tatra region to reconstruct interannual to centennial-long variations in Eastern European May\u2013June temperature back to 1040 AD. Recent anthropogenic warming exceeds the range of past natural climate variability. Increased plague outbreaks and political conflicts, as well as decreased settlement activities, coincided with temperature depressions. The Black Death in the mid-14th century, the Thirty Years War in the early 17th century, and the French Invasion of Russia in the early 19th century all occurred during the coldest episodes of the last millennium. A comparison with summer temperature reconstructions from Scandinavia, the Alps, and the Pyrenees emphasizes the seasonal and spatial specificity of our results, questioning those large-scale reconstructions that simply average individual sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211485110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]],"date-time":"2013-01-14T23:55:05Z","timestamp":1358207705000},"page":"1773-1778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Filling the Eastern European gap in millennium-long temperature reconstructions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Ulf","family":"B\u00fcntgen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Research Institute Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Kyncl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moravian Dendro-Labor, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ginzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Research Institute Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Jacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Esper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Tegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Forest Growth, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Uwe","family":"Heussner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Archaeological Institute, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Kyncl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moravian Dendro-Labor, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","article-title":"On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming","author":"D'Arrigo R","year":"2006","unstructured":"R D'Arrigo, R Wilson, G Jacoby, On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming. 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