{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:51:23Z","timestamp":1791859883667,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Large quantities of mineral dust particles are frequently ejected into the atmosphere through the action of wind. The surface of dust particles acts as a sink for many gases, such as sulfur dioxide. It is well known that under most conditions, sulfur dioxide reacts on dust particle surfaces, leading to the production of sulfate ions. In this report, for specific atmospheric conditions, we provide evidence for an alternate pathway in which a series of reactions under solar UV light produces first gaseous sulfuric acid as an intermediate product before surface-bound sulfate. Metal oxides present in mineral dust act as atmospheric photocatalysts promoting the formation of gaseous OH radicals, which initiate the conversion of SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the vicinity of dust particles. Under low dust conditions, this process may lead to nucleation events in the atmosphere. The laboratory findings are supported by recent field observations near Beijing, China, and Lyon, France.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212297109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T10:41:27Z","timestamp":1354617687000},"page":"20842-20847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Mineral dust photochemistry induces nucleation events in the presence of SO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Yoan","family":"Dupart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1, Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l\u2019Environnement de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5256, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1, Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l\u2019Environnement de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5256, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Nekat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institut for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institut for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Wiedensohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institut for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institut for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Lumi\u00e8re Mati\u00e8re, UMR5306 Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1-CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Lumi\u00e8re Mati\u00e8re, UMR5306 Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1-CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Miffre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Lumi\u00e8re Mati\u00e8re, UMR5306 Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1-CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Rairoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Lumi\u00e8re Mati\u00e8re, UMR5306 Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1-CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"D\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1, Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l\u2019Environnement de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5256, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1, Lyon, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l\u2019Environnement de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5256, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Tegen K Schepanski The global distribution of mineral dust. 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