{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:28:08Z","timestamp":1790738888439,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>From job interviews to the heat of battle, it is evident that people think and learn differently when stressed. In fact, learning under stress may have long-term consequences; stress facilitates aversive conditioning and associations learned during extreme stress may result in debilitating emotional responses in posttraumatic stress disorder. The mechanisms underpinning such stress-related associations, however, are unknown. Computational neuroscience has successfully characterized several mechanisms critical for associative learning under normative conditions. One such mechanism, the detection of a mismatch between expected and observed outcomes within the ventral striatum (i.e., \u201cprediction errors\u201d), is thought to be a critical precursor to the formation of new stimulus\u2013outcome associations. An untested possibility, therefore, is that stress may affect learning via modulation of this mechanism. Here we combine a translational model of stress with a cognitive neuroimaging paradigm to demonstrate that stress significantly increases ventral striatum aversive (but not appetitive) prediction error signal. This provides a unique account of the propensity to form threat-related associations under stress with direct implications for our understanding of both normal stress and stress-related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213923110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]],"date-time":"2013-02-11T22:48:58Z","timestamp":1360622938000},"page":"4129-4133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Stress increases aversive prediction error signal in the ventral striatum"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Oliver J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassie","family":"Overstreet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle R.","family":"Charney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Vytal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Grillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02581"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094285"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0400-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.096"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1019-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00194-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01999.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110367722"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018930"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"Psychol Aging","author":"Lighthall NR","year":"2012","unstructured":"NR Lighthall, MA Gorlick, A Schoeke, MJ Frank, M Mather, Stress modulates reinforcement learning in younger and older adults. 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