{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:38:39Z","timestamp":1791398319675,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects most children in the first year of life and is a major single cause of hospitalization in infants and young children. There is no effective vaccine, and antibody generated by primary neonatal infection is poorly protective against reinfection even with antigenically homologous viral strains. Studying the immunological basis of these observations in neonatal mice, we found that antibody responses to infection were low and unaffected by CD4 depletion, in contrast with adult mice, which had stronger CD4-dependent antibody responses. Natural killer cell depletion or codepletion of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells during neonatal RSV infection caused a striking increase in anti-RSV antibody titer. These cells are major sources of the cytokine IFN-\u03b3, and blocking IFN-\u03b3 also enhanced RSV-specific antibody responses in neonates. In addition, infection with a recombinant RSV engineered to produce IFN-\u03b3 reduced antibody titer, confirming that IFN-\u03b3 plays a pivotal role in inhibition of antibody responses after neonatal infection. These unexpected findings show that the induction of a strong cellular immune response may limit antibody responses in early life and that vaccines that induce IFN-\u03b3\u2013secreting cells might, in some situations, be less protective than those that do not.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214247110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T03:06:17Z","timestamp":1363662377000},"page":"5576-5581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Neonatal antibody responses are attenuated by interferon-\u03b3 produced by NK and T cells during RSV infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"John S.","family":"Tregoning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George\u2019s University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline U.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Harker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Goritzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bukreyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Openshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/9.4.475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/11.3.445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.2824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"603","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal development of human spleen: an immunohistological study","volume":"60","author":"Timens W","year":"1987","unstructured":"W Timens, T Rozeboom, S Poppema, Fetal and neonatal development of human spleen: an immunohistological study. 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