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Furthermore, the experimental techniques used to date to provide that blockade were limited in clinical potential in that they would require surgical implantation. To address these issues, we have used liposomes (SDLs) containing saxitoxin (STX), a site 1 sodium channel blocker, and the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone to provide nerve blocks lasting \u223c1 wk from a single injection. This formulation is easily injected percutaneously. Animals undergoing spared nerve injury (SNI) developed mechanical allodynia in 1 wk; nerve blockade with a single dose of SDLs (duration of block 6.9 \u00b1 1.2 d) delayed the onset of allodynia by 2 d. Treatment with three sequential SDL injections resulting in a nerve block duration of 18.1 \u00b1 3.4 d delayed the onset of allodynia by 1 mo. This very prolonged blockade decreased activation of astrocytes in the lumbar dorsal horn of the spinal cord due to SNI. Changes in expression of injury-related genes due to SNI in the dorsal root ganglia were not affected by SDLs. These findings suggest that formulations of this kind, which could be easy to apply clinically, can mitigate the development of neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214634109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,9]],"date-time":"2012-10-09T00:26:58Z","timestamp":1349742418000},"page":"17555-17560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Prolonged nerve blockade delays the onset of neuropathic pain"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Sahadev A.","family":"Shankarappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and"},{"name":"The David H. 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