{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:44:32Z","timestamp":1790052272475,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    African trypanosomes are protected by a densely packed surface monolayer of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). A haptoglobin\u2013hemoglobin receptor (HpHbR) within this VSG coat mediates heme acquisition. HpHbR is also exploited by the human host to mediate endocytosis of trypanolytic factor (TLF)1 from serum, contributing to innate immunity. Here, the crystal structure of HpHbR from\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been solved, revealing an elongated three \u03b1-helical bundle with a small membrane distal head. To understand the receptor in the context of the VSG layer, the dimensions of\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    HpHbR and VSG have been determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, revealing the receptor to be more elongated than VSG. It is, therefore, likely that the receptor protrudes above the VSG layer and unlikely that the VSG coat can prevent immunoglobulin binding to the receptor. The HpHb-binding site has been mapped by single-residue mutagenesis and surface plasmon resonance. This site is located where it is readily accessible above the VSG layer. A single HbHpR polymorphism unique to human infective\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been shown to be sufficient to reduce binding of both HpHb and TLF1, modulating ligand affinity in a delicate balancing act that allows nutrient acquisition but avoids TLF1 uptake.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214943110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]],"date-time":"2013-01-14T23:55:05Z","timestamp":1358207705000},"page":"1905-1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Structure of the trypanosome haptoglobin\u2013hemoglobin receptor and implications for nutrient uptake and innate immunity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Tkachenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayne","family":"Raper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0369","volume-title":"The Trypanosomiases","author":"Shaw A","year":"2004","unstructured":"A Shaw, The economics of African trypanosomiasis. 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