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Because typical activities of daily living comprise both continuous control tasks such as reaching, and tasks benefiting from discrete control such as typing on a keyboard, availability of both signals simultaneously would promise significant increases in performance and versatility. Here, we show that PPC can provide 3D hand trajectory information under natural conditions that would be encountered for prosthetic applications, thus allowing simultaneous extraction of continuous and discrete signals without requiring multisite surgical implants. We found that limb movements can be decoded robustly and with high accuracy from a small population of neural units under free gaze in a complex 3D point-to-point reaching task. Both animals\u2019 brain-control performance improved rapidly with practice, resulting in faster target acquisition and increasing accuracy. These findings disprove the notion that the motor cortical areas are the only candidate areas for continuous prosthetic command signals and, rather, suggests that PPC can provide equally useful trajectory signals in addition to discrete, cognitive variables. Hybrid use of continuous and discrete signals from PPC may enable a new generation of neural prostheses providing superior performance and additional flexibility in addressing individual patient needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215092109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T02:37:49Z","timestamp":1349145469000},"page":"17075-17080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Cognitive signals for brain\u2013machine interfaces in posterior parietal cortex include continuous 3D trajectory commands"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Hauschild","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant H.","family":"Mulliken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Fineman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, CA 91105; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald E.","family":"Loeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.847815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35042582"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416141a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0000042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200303240-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil PG Carmena JM Nicolelis MA Turner DA (2004) Ensemble recordings of human subcortical neurons as a source of motor control signals for a brain-machine interface. 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