{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:13:13Z","timestamp":1791465193534,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In archaeology, the discovery of ancient medicines is very rare, as is knowledge of their chemical composition. In this paper we present results combining chemical, mineralogical, and botanical investigations on the well-preserved contents of a tin\n                    <jats:italic>pyxis<\/jats:italic>\n                    discovered onboard the Pozzino shipwreck (second century B.C.). The contents consist of six flat, gray, discoid tablets that represent direct evidence of an ancient medicinal preparation. The data revealed extraordinary information on the composition of the tablets and on their possible therapeutic use. Hydrozincite and smithsonite were by far the most abundant ingredients of the Pozzino tablets, along with starch, animal and plant lipids, and pine resin. The composition and the form of the Pozzino tablets seem to indicate that they were used for ophthalmic purposes: the Latin name\n                    <jats:italic>collyrium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (eyewash) comes from the Greek name\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bao\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u00b4\u03c1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which means \u201csmall round loaves.\u201d This study provided valuable information on ancient medical and pharmaceutical practices and on the development of pharmacology and medicine over the centuries. In addition, given the current focus on natural compounds, our data could lead to new investigations and research for therapeutic care.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216776110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]],"date-time":"2013-01-08T11:50:39Z","timestamp":1357645839000},"page":"1193-1196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Ingredients of a 2,000-y-old medicine revealed by chemical, mineralogical, and botanical investigations"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Gianna","family":"Giachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana, 50143 Florence, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquino","family":"Pallecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana, 50143 Florence, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Romualdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana, 50143 Florence, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Ribechini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette Jacqueline","family":"Lucejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Perla","family":"Colombini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mariotti Lippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5112-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5160-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Relitto del Pozzino (B del Golfo di Baratti), Catalogo della mostra. 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