{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:13:44Z","timestamp":1790151224062,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    With the global proliferation of toxic harmful algal bloom species, there is a need to identify the environmental and biological factors that regulate toxin production. One such species,\n                    <jats:italic>Karenia brevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , forms nearly annual blooms that threaten coastal regions throughout the Gulf of Mexico. This dinoflagellate produces brevetoxins, which are potent neurotoxins that cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and respiratory illness in humans, as well as massive fish kills. A recent publication reported that a rapid decrease in salinity increased cellular toxin quotas in\n                    <jats:italic>K. brevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and hypothesized that brevetoxins serve a role in osmoregulation. This finding implied that salinity shifts could significantly alter the toxic effects of blooms. We repeated the original experiments separately in three different laboratories and found no evidence for increased brevetoxin production in response to low-salinity stress in any of the eight\n                    <jats:italic>K. brevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains we tested, including three used in the original study. Thus, we find no support for an osmoregulatory function of brevetoxins. The original publication also stated that there was no known cellular function for brevetoxins. However, there is increasing evidence that brevetoxins promote survival of the dinoflagellates by deterring grazing by zooplankton. Whether they have other as-yet-unidentified cellular functions is currently unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217716110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T00:02:47Z","timestamp":1370908967000},"page":"10223-10228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Osmotic stress does not trigger brevetoxin production in the dinoflagellate\n                    <i>Karenia brevis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"William G.","family":"Sunda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC 28516;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheska","family":"Burleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Ransom","family":"Hardison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC 28516;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanine S.","family":"Morey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Coastal and Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC 29412"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Coastal and Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC 29412"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wolny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina A.","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne J.","family":"Flewelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Van Dolah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Coastal and Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC 29412"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/335488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"Brevetoxins, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, bind to specific sites in rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"30","author":"Poli MA","year":"1986","unstructured":"MA Poli, TJ Mende, DG Baden, Brevetoxins, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, bind to specific sites in rat brain synaptosomes. 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