{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:34:52Z","timestamp":1791174892061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a filamentous fungus of major medical and historical importance, being the original and present-day industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin. The species has been considered asexual for more than 100 y, and despite concerted efforts, it has not been possible to induce sexual reproduction, which has prevented sexual crosses being used for strain improvement. However, using knowledge of mating-type (\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene organization, we now describe conditions under which a sexual cycle can be induced leading to production of meiotic ascospores. Evidence of recombination was obtained using both molecular and phenotypic markers. The identified heterothallic sexual cycle was used for strain development purposes, generating offspring with novel combinations of traits relevant to penicillin production. Furthermore, the\n                    <jats:italic>MAT1-1\u20131<\/jats:italic>\n                    mating-type gene, known primarily for a role in governing sexual identity, was also found to control transcription of a wide range of genes with biotechnological relevance including those regulating penicillin production, hyphal morphology, and conidial formation. These discoveries of a sexual cycle and\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene function are likely to be of broad relevance for manipulation of other asexual fungi of economic importance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217943110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,11]],"date-time":"2013-01-11T00:09:12Z","timestamp":1357862952000},"page":"1476-1481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Sexual reproduction and mating-type\u2013mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus\n                    <i>Penicillium chrysogenum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for \u201cFungal Biotechnology,\u201d Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for \u201cFungal Biotechnology,\u201d Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line M.","family":"O\u2019Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for \u201cFungal Biotechnology,\u201d Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;"},{"name":"School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Wolfers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for \u201cFungal Biotechnology,\u201d Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Klix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Genetik Eukaryotischer Mikroorganismen, Institut f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen, D-37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Binger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for \u201cFungal Biotechnology,\u201d Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Zadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Infectives Microbiology, Sandoz GmbH, 6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"K\u00fcrnsteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-Infectives Microbiology, Sandoz GmbH, 6250 Kundl, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"P\u00f6ggeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Genetik Eukaryotischer Mikroorganismen, Institut f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen, D-37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"K\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for \u201cFungal Biotechnology,\u201d Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2005.00009.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Industrial enzymatic production of cephalosporin-based beta-lactams","volume":"88","author":"Barber MS","year":"2004","unstructured":"MS Barber, U Giesecke, A Reichert, W Minas, Industrial enzymatic production of cephalosporin-based beta-lactams. 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