{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:32:11Z","timestamp":1790271131272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"52","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    129\/SvEv mice with a loss-of-function mutation in the heterotrimeric G protein \u03b1-subunit gene\n                    <jats:italic>Gnai3<\/jats:italic>\n                    have fusions of ribs and lumbar vertebrae, indicating a requirement for G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    (the \u201cinhibitory\u201d class of \u03b1-subunits) in somite derivatives. Mice with mutations of\n                    <jats:italic>Gnai1<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Gnai2<\/jats:italic>\n                    have neither defect, but loss of both\n                    <jats:italic>Gnai3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and one of the other two genes increases the number and severity of rib fusions without affecting the lumbar fusions. No myotome defects are observed in\n                    <jats:italic>Gnai3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>Gnai1<\/jats:italic>\n                    double-mutant embryos, and crosses with a conditional allele of\n                    <jats:italic>Gnai2<\/jats:italic>\n                    indicate that G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    is specifically required in cartilage precursors. Penetrance and expressivity of the rib fusion phenotype is altered in mice with a mixed C57BL\/6 \u00d7 129\/SvEv genetic background. These phenotypes reveal a previously unknown role for G protein-coupled signaling pathways in development of the axial skeleton.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219810110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T21:28:16Z","timestamp":1355261296000},"page":"21366-21371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Development of the mammalian axial skeleton requires signaling through the G\u03b1\n                    <sub>i<\/sub>\n                    subfamily of heterotrimeric G proteins"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Nicholas W.","family":"Plummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health\/Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC 27709;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Spicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), D-53175 Bonn, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Malphurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health\/Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC 27709;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhiko","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Abramowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health\/Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC 27709;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"N\u00fcrnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomic and Drug Research, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Birnbaumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health\/Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC 27709;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1999.5992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0592-85"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00813-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0695-143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90625.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.2.H569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208519200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611434104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00394.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)44721-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290000114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-1606(02)00051-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.23.5059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2010.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409103102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504750102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00033-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(02)00415-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004270100139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"387","article-title":"Studies on the morphogenesis of the mouse sternum. II. Experiments on the origin of the sternum and its capacity for self-differentiation in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Chen JM","year":"1952","unstructured":"JM Chen, Studies on the morphogenesis of the mouse sternum. II. Experiments on the origin of the sternum and its capacity for self-differentiation in vitro. J Anat 86, 387\u2013401 (1952).","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00879.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.22.2808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6408(1998)22:4<340::AID-DVG4>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.018986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.8.1753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.2.225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.178772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.24.5099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2007.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/22.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.013763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200712066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-1036fje"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.110.063453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(04)90028-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(94)37076-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(03)00099-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Methods in Prenatal Toxicology","author":"Peters PWJ","year":"1977","unstructured":"PWJ Peters, Double staining of fetal skeletons for cartilage and bone. Methods in Prenatal Toxicology, eds D Neubert, H-J Merker, TE Kwasigroch (Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany), pp. 153\u2013154 (1977)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90387-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414275200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","volume-title":"In Situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach","author":"Wilkinson DG","year":"1992","unstructured":"DG Wilkinson In Situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach (IRL, Oxford, 1992)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1219810110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:17:49Z","timestamp":1649801869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1219810110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"52","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1219810110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1219810110","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-12-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}