{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:24:27Z","timestamp":1791807867347,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Isoprene is a substantial contributor to the global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) burden, with implications for public health and the climate system. The mechanism by which isoprene-derived SOA is formed and the influence of environmental conditions, however, remain unclear. We present evidence from controlled smog chamber experiments and field measurements that in the presence of high levels of nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    = NO + NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) typical of urban atmospheres, 2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylic acid (methacrylic acid epoxide, MAE) is a precursor to known isoprene-derived SOA tracers, and ultimately to SOA. We propose that MAE arises from decomposition of the OH adduct of methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN). This hypothesis is supported by the similarity of SOA constituents derived from MAE to those from photooxidation of isoprene, methacrolein, and MPAN under high-NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    conditions. Strong support is further derived from computational chemistry calculations and Community Multiscale Air Quality model simulations, yielding predictions consistent with field observations. Field measurements taken in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, considered along with the modeling results indicate the atmospheric significance and relevance of MAE chemistry across the United States, especially in urban areas heavily impacted by isoprene emissions. Identification of MAE implies a major role of atmospheric epoxides in forming SOA from isoprene photooxidation. Updating current atmospheric modeling frameworks with MAE chemistry could improve the way that SOA has been attributed to isoprene based on ambient tracer measurements, and lead to SOA parameterizations that better capture the dependency of yield on NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221150110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T02:06:53Z","timestamp":1365041213000},"page":"6718-6723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":304,"title":["Epoxide as a precursor to secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxides"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Ying-Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haofei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Havala O. 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